ArticleInternational ophthalmology2019
Prevalence of dry eye in video display terminal users: a cross-sectional Caucasian study in Italy.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07679685 (A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Perfluorohexyloctane Eye Drops Versus 0.1% Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops in the Treatment of Video Display Terminal-associated Dry Eye), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Perfluorohexyloctane Eye Drops Versus 0.1% Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops in the Treatment of Video Display Terminal-associated Dry Eye
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Occupational exposure to video display terminals: a systematic review of ocular and visual health effects and associated risk factors.Journal of occupational health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparison of the influence of light between circularly polarized and linearly polarized smartphones on dry eye symptoms and asthenopia.Clinical and translational science · 2022Trial
- Efficacy of blink software in improving the blink rate and dry eye symptoms in visual display terminal users - A single-blinded randomized control trial.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Trial
- Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.Clinical and translational science · 2021Trial
- Article
- A smartphone-based blink training application for alleviating dry eye signs and symptoms.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- A Review of Digital Eye Strain: Binocular Vision Anomalies, Ocular Surface Changes, and the Need for Objective Assessment.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Review
- Article
- Dry Eyes among Visual Display Terminal Users Visiting the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology of a Tertiary Care Centre.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2023Article
- Computer vision syndrome-related symptoms in presbyopic computer workers.International ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Dry eye symptoms and digital eyestrain - Emerging epidemics among university students due to online curriculum amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Computer Vision Syndrome: An Ophthalmic Pathology of the Modern Era.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Improving Visual Comfort during Computer Gaming with Preservative-Free Hyaluronic Acid Artificial Tears Added to Ergophthalmological Measures.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prevalence and associated factors for self-reported symptoms of dry eye among Thai school children during the COVID-19 outbreak.PloS one · 2023Article
- Review on the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying visual display terminal-associated dry eye disease.Acta ophthalmologica · 2022Review
- Diurnal changes of noninvasive parameters of ocular surface in healthy subjects before and after continuous face mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Assessing the Risk Factors For Diagnosed Symptomatic Dry Eye Using a Smartphone App: Cross-sectional Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo estimate the prevalence of dry eye among video-terminal (VDT) users and to assess risk factors for dry eye in this population. STUDY
designA single-centre, cross-sectional study was carried out on subjects employed as VDT workers and on a control group.
methodsDemographic data, years spent working at a VDT, number of effective hours at VDT/day, number and hours of breaks/day were considered. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and completed the Italian version of the computer vision symptom scale 17-item (CVSS17) questionnaire. Both groups were classified as definite, suspect and non-dry eye syndrome (DES).
resultsOne-hundred and ninety four subjects completed the study; 70 (36.1%) of which represented the control group, and 124 (63.9%) represented the VDT group. Among VDT workers, 29 (23.4%) presented definite DES and 55 (44.4%) suspect DES, while among controls, only 2 (2.9%) presented definite DES and 37 (52.8%) suspect DES. In the univariate analysis, the DES group was older (p < 0.001), spent more time a day at VDT (p < 0.001), used VDT from more time (p < 0.001), instilled artificial tears (p = 0.031), and presented worst quality of life (p < 0.001). At the multivariate analysis, only age and time at VDT retained association with DES (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.01 and OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.07-2.02; p = 0.017, respectively).
conclusionsThe global increase of VDT workers is accompanied by a higher frequency of ocular complaints. Older subjects and people spending more than 4 h a day at VDT are at major risk to develop DES and should take precautions to prevent the onset of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.