ArticleScience advances2018
Corporate control and global governance of marine genetic resources.
Article in Science advances, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Ocean Equity Index.Nature · 2026Article
- Early warning of trends in commercial wildlife trade through novel machine-learning analysis of patent filing.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Enhancing Human Health and Wellbeing through Sustainably and Equitably Unlocking a Healthy Ocean's Potential.Annals of global health · 2024Article
- Microbiome ownership for Indigenous peoples.Nature microbiology · 2023Review
- Making marine biotechnology work for people and nature.Nature ecology & evolution · 2023Article
- Research priorities for the sustainability of coral-rich western Pacific seascapes.Regional environmental change · 2023Article
- Direction, not detail: Progress towards consensus at the fourth intergovernmental conference on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.Marine policy · 2022Article
- A forgotten element of the blue economy: marine biomimetics and inspiration from the deep sea.PNAS nexus · 2022Review
- Biogeographical survey of soil microbiomes across sub-Saharan Africa: structure, drivers, and predicted climate-driven changes.Microbiome · 2022Article
- Oceans and society: feedbacks between ocean and human health.Reviews in fish biology and fisheries · 2022Article
- Charting a course for genetic diversity in the UN Decade of Ocean Science.Evolutionary applications · 2021Article
- Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere.Ambio · 2021Review
- The Ocean 100: Transnational corporations in the ocean economy.Science advances · 2021Article
- Marine Terpenoids from Polar Latitudes and Their Potential Applications in Biotechnology.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- Keystone actors do not act alone: A business ecosystem perspective on sustainability in the global clothing industry.PloS one · 2020Article
- Bioinformatics for Marine Products: An Overview of Resources, Bottlenecks, and Perspectives.Marine drugs · 2019Review
- Discovery pipelines for marine resources: an ocean of opportunity for biotechnology?World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2019Review
- International regulatory changes poised to reshape access to marine genes.Nature biotechnology · 2019Article
- The Future of Digital Sequence Information for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.Frontiers in plant science · 2019Article
- Sustainable development and utilization of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction: A Chinese perspective.Science progressReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Who owns ocean biodiversity? This is an increasingly relevant question, given the legal uncertainties associated with the use of genetic resources from areas beyond national jurisdiction, which cover half of the Earth's surface. We accessed 38 million records of genetic sequences associated with patents and created a database of 12,998 sequences extracted from 862 marine species. We identified >1600 sequences from 91 species associated with deep-sea and hydrothermal vent systems, reflecting commercial interest in organisms from remote ocean areas, as well as a capacity to collect and use the genes of such species. A single corporation registered 47% of all marine sequences included in gene patents, exceeding the combined share of 220 other companies (37%). Universities and their commercialization partners registered 12%. Actors located or headquartered in 10 countries registered 98% of all patent sequences, and 165 countries were unrepresented. Our findings highlight the importance of inclusive participation by all states in international negotiations and the urgency of clarifying the legal regime around access and benefit sharing of marine genetic resources. We identify a need for greater transparency regarding species provenance, transfer of patent ownership, and activities of corporations with a disproportionate influence over the patenting of marine biodiversity. We suggest that identifying these key actors is a critical step toward encouraging innovation, fostering greater equity, and promoting better ocean stewardship.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.