ArticleBMJ open2018
Housing index, urbanisation level and lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of the Colombian national mental health survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- The relationship between housing, neighborhood and community infrastructure and older adult depression in Colombia.Wellbeing, space and society · 2026Article
- Urban-rural differences in depressive symptoms and related factors among employed middle-aged and older adults: a national cross-sectional study in China.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Concurrent depression and anxiety in women undergoing additional diagnostic procedures due to positive screening for cervical cancer.PloS one · 2026Observational
- Prevalence of anxiety disorders in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Global, Regional, and National Trends in the Burden of Anxiety Disorders From 1992 to 2021: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Estimation of the Global Disease Burden of Depression and Anxiety between 1990 and 2044: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Prevalence of anhedonia, anxiety, and their impact on food consumption among postgraduate Qassim University students.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Contemporary prevalence and predictors of anxiety among patients living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana.Ghana medical journal · 2022Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with PTSD among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Depression and anxiety in the Malaysian urban population and their association with demographic characteristics, quality of life, and the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2021Article
- The role of social cognition skills and social determinants of health in predicting symptoms of mental illness.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo study socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in rural and urban Colombia, a country with a history of internal conflict and large socioeconomic inequalities. Recent survey data are available to study this understudied topic in a middle-income country.
methodsUsing data from 9656 respondents from the 2015 Colombian Mental Health survey, we investigated the association between lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders and quality of dwellings and access to public services housing score (HS). We calculated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) for HS in urban and rural areas, adjusting for potential confounders and mediating factors. OUTCOMES: The lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression (combined) was 9.6% in urban versus 6.9% in rural areas (p<0.001). HS was not associated with prevalence of anxiety and depression in urban settings, whereas a higher HS (poorer housing quality) was associated with fewer mental disorders in rural areas in both univariate and multivariate models (multivariate RII
interpretationIn rural Colombia, those living in the poorest houses and in dispersed areas had a lower prevalence of mental health problems. Further understanding of this phenomenon of a seemingly inverse association of prevalence of mental disorders with poverty and/or urbanisation in rural areas is needed. Particularly, considering the progressive urbanisation process in Colombia, it is important to monitor mental health in populations migrating to the cities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.