ArticleBMJ open2018
Paid and unpaid working hours among Swedish men and women in relation to depressive symptom trajectories: results from four waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health.
Article in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosocial Occupational Exposures and Mental Illness.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of an 8-Week App-Based Mindfulness Intervention on Mental Health in Working Women: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- Gendered trends in unpaid labour by educational level in Sweden 2004-2022.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Psychological Distress, Precarious Employment, and Unpaid Work Hours in Japanese Adults: Generalized Linear Mixed Model Using Longitudinal Survey of Adults in the 21st Century.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- The contribution of unpaid labour to poor mental health in the Swedish working population.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Mental wellbeing during pregnancy and the transition to motherhood: an explorative study through the lens of healthcare professionals.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- How does working time impact perceived mental disorders? New insights into the U-shaped relationship.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Sex-specific socioeconomic risk factors for spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage-a case-control study during the 5 years before ictus.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Association between Time Spent in Domestic Work and Mental Health among Women and Men.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Working Hours, Sleep Disturbance and Self-Assessed Health in Men and Women: A Multilevel Analysis of 30 Countries in Europe.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Women's wellbeing and the burden of unpaid work.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2021Article
- Article
- Effects of a work-related stress model based mental health promotion program on job stress, stress reactions and coping profiles of women workers: a control groups study.BMC public health · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLong working hours and unpaid work are possible risk factors for depressive symptoms. However, little is known about how working hours influence the course of depressive symptoms. This study examined the influence of paid, unpaid working hours and total working hours on depressive symptoms trajectories.
methodsThe study was based on data from four waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH 2008-2014). We applied group-based trajectory modelling in order to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms and studied paid and unpaid working hours and total working hours as risk factors.
resultsSix trajectory groups were identified with symptoms: 'very low stable', 'low stable', 'doubtful increasing', 'high decreasing', 'mild decreasing' and 'high stable'. More time spent on unpaid work was associated with the 'low stable' (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.30) and the 'high stable (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.65) symptom trajectories compared with being in the 'very low stable' symptom group. In addition, more total working hours was associated with a higher probability of having 'high decreasing' (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.48) and 'high stable' (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.47) symptoms, when adjusting for sex, age, civil status and socioeconomic status. The results, however, differed somewhat for men and women. More unpaid working hours was more clearly associated with higher symptom trajectories among women. More total working hours was associated with 'high stable' symptoms among women only.
conclusionsThis study supported heterogeneous individual patterns of depressive symptoms over time among the Swedish working population. The results also indicate that a higher burden of unpaid work and longer total working hours, which indicate a double burden from paid and unpaid work, may be associated with higher depressive symptom trajectories, especially among women.
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