SynthesisPLoS neglected tropical diseases2018
Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low and middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Papillomavirus and Retinoblastoma: Evidence From a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies.International journal of public health · 2023Pooled it
- Potential risk factors associated with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women and HIV infected individuals in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Therapeutic Effects of Matricaria chamomilla Extract in an Immunosuppressed Mouse Model of Cryptosporidiosis.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Co-managing the double burden: strategies for simultaneously tackling infectious and non-communicable diseases.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Fish and shellfish as sentinels of aquatic contamination: Global distribution and One Health implications of zoonoticOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Detection and genetic characterization of the GP60 Gene of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from HIVGut pathogens · 2026Article
- The triple threat of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba infections in Nigerian children.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cryptosporidium infection and associated factors among diarrheic children under five years of age in Eastern Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Assessment of Risk Factors forJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Parasites and Infection: Strategies to Control, Diagnose, and Treat Parasitic Diseases.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Red Fox (Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- First Detection of Cryptosporidium Canis and Occurrence ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Risk Factors Affected by the Pandemic Among Primary Schoolchildren in the Provinces of Manzini and Lubombo, Kingdom of Eswatini: A Follow-Up Study in 2019 and 2022.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Molecular pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium and advancements in therapeutic interventions.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2025Review
- Article
- Cryptosporidiosis in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Molecular detection ofOpen veterinary journal · 2024Article
- Prevalence ofVeterinary world · 2024Article
- Eugenol: effective complementary treatment for cryptosporidiosis in experimentally infected mice.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2024Article
- Genetic characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. from children with or without diarrhea in Wenzhou, China: high probability of zoonotic transmission.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCryptosporidium infection causes gastrointestinal disease and has a worldwide distribution. The highest burden is in developing countries.
objectivesWe sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify Cryptosporidium risk factors in Low and Middle Income countries (LMICs).
methodsMedline Ovid and Scopus databases were searched with no restriction on year or language of publication. All references were screened independently in duplicate and were included if they presented data on at least 3 risk factors. Meta-analyses using random effects models were used to calculate overall estimates for each exposure.
resultsThe most frequently reported risk factors in the 15 included studies were overcrowding, household diarrhoea, poor quality drinking water, animal contact, open defecation/ lack of toilet and breastfeeding. The combined odds ratio for animal contact was 1.98 (95%CI: 1.11-3.54) based on 11 studies and for diarrhoea in the household 1.98 (95%CI: 1.13-3.49) based on 4 studies. Open defecation was associated with a pooled odds ratio of 1.82 (95%CI: 1.19-2.8) based on 5 studies. Poor drinking water quality was not associated with a significant Cryptosporidium risk, odds ratio 1.06 (95%CI: 0.77-1.47). Breastfeeding was protective with pooled odds ratio 0.4 (95%CI: 0.13-1.22), which was not statistically significant.
conclusionsBased on the included studies, crowded living conditions, animal contact and open defecation are responsible for the majority of Cryptosporidium cases in LMICs. Future studies investigating Cryptosporidium risk factors should have a good study design and duration, include appropriate number of cases, select suitable controls, investigate multiple relevant risk factors, fully report data and perform multivariate analysis.
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