ReviewCureus2018
Self-medication with Antibiotics in WHO Southeast Asian Region: A Systematic Review.
Review in Cureus, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication with antibiotics among pediatric population in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Improving antibiotic utilization in West Africa: enhancing interventions through systematic review and evidence synthesis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions to reduce non-prescription antimicrobial sales in community pharmacies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and causes of self-medication for oral health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic synthesis of expert opinion on effective policies to tackle bacterial resistance worldwide.Veterinary medicine and science · 2023Pooled it
- No prescription? No problem: drivers of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics among community drug retail outlets in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of qualitative studies.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication Practices in India: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Current clinical pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Public Awareness about Antibiotic Use and Resistance among Residents in Highland Areas of Vietnam.BioMed research international · 2019Trial
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance Among Adults in Communities of Montserrado County, Liberia: A Household-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gender and equity within antimicrobial resistance: a scoping review of evidence and policy in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Syndemic approach to address the burden of antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Safety and Effectiveness of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Cephalexin Extended Release and Clavulanate Potassium in Bacterial Sore Throat and Uncomplicated Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: A Multicentre, Open-Label, Phase IV Study in India.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2026Article
- Self-medication and non-adherence to antibiotic prescription and associated factors among Myanmar migrants in Thailand: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Climate change and antimicrobial resistance in the Western Pacific: a mixed-methods systematic analysis.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance: How Can We Overcome the Problem?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Analysis on the Prevalence and Practices of Antibiotic Misuse among Adult Residents of Rodriguez, Rizal: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study.Acta medica Philippina · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Over-the-counter use of Antibiotics among Patients visiting Outpatient Department of a Primary Health Centre: An Observational Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2026Observational
- Knowledge Deficits Among Community Pharmacists May Drive Antibiotic Resistance in Rural Areas: Evidence from Southern Jordan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Analysis of antibiotics consumption pattern among hospitalized patients in Nepal: a nationally representative multi-hospital survey.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential treatments, especially in the developing world like World Health Organization (WHO) Southeast Asian region where infectious diseases are still the most common cause of death. In this part of the world, antibiotics are purchased and used without the prescription of a physician. Self-medication of antibiotics is associated with the risk of inappropriate drug use, which predisposes patients to drug interactions, masking symptoms of an underlying disease, and development of microbial resistance. Antibiotic resistance is shrinking the range of effective antibiotics and is a global health problem. The appearance of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, which are highly resistant to many antibiotic classes, has raised a major concern regarding antibiotic resistance worldwide. Even after decades of economic growth and development in countries that belong to the WHO Southeast Asian region, most of the countries in this region still have a high burden of infectious diseases. The magnitude and consequence of self-medication with antibiotics is unknown in this region. There is a need for evidence from well-designed studies on community use of antibiotics in these settings to help in planning and implementing specific strategies and interventions to prevent their irrational use and consequently to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. To quantify the frequency and effect of self-medication with antibiotics, we did a systematic review of published work from the Southeast Asian region.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.