ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Comprehensive skin microbiome analysis reveals the uniqueness of human skin and evidence for phylosymbiosis within the class Mammalia.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Methods for skin load reduction of Candida auris: a systematic review.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Pooled it
- Cyanoacrylate glue as an effective skin-decontamination method for hair follicle microbiome sampling: insights from a nonhuman model (Capreolus capreolus).BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Functional traits shape gut microbial assembly beyond phylogeny in estuarine fish.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Microbiome eco-evolution of cultivated and wild rice species across the genus Oryza and its importance in supporting rice growth.Microbiome · 2026Article
- The coupling effect ofSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- Burn Selection: How Fire Injury Shaped Human Evolution.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Unique microbial communities and phylosymbiosis signals in herpetofauna.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- The microbial peace-signal hypothesis: distributed immune "peace hubs" across the human body.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Airborne eDNA captures three decades of ecosystem biodiversity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Effects of ex situ conservation on commensal bacteria of crocodile lizard and conservation implications.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- Human microbiome acquisition and transmission.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- The microbiome of the human facial skin is unique compared to that of other hominids.mSystems · 2025Article
- Grape by-products from the wine industry - an untapped sustainable resource for application in animal skin health preservation and treatment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- A multi-strain human skin microbiome model provides a testbed for disease modeling.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2025Article
- Article
- Application of chlorous acid water for disinfection of surgical site in dairy cows.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Skin microbiota variation in Indian families.PeerJ · 2025Article
- Characteristics and Differences in the Antler Velvet Microbiota During Regeneration.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Phylosymbiosis in Seven Wild Fish Species Collected Off the Southern Coast of Korea: Skin Microbiome Most Strongly Reflects Evolutionary Pressures.Microbial ecology · 2024Article
- Metagenomic characterisation of canine skin reveals a core healthy skin microbiome.Scientific reports · 2024Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body and represents the primary physical barrier between mammals and their external environment, yet the factors that govern skin microbial community composition among mammals are poorly understood. The objective of this research was to generate a skin microbiota baseline for members of the class Mammalia, testing the effects of host species, geographic location, body region, and biological sex. Skin from the back, torso, and inner thighs of 177 nonhuman mammals was sampled, representing individuals from 38 species and 10 mammalian orders. Animals were sampled from farms, zoos, households, and the wild. The DNA extracts from all skin swabs were amplified by PCR and sequenced, targeting the V3-V4 regions of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. Previously published skin microbiome data from 20 human participants, sampled and sequenced using an identical protocol to the nonhuman mammals, were included to make this a comprehensive analysis. Human skin microbial communities were distinct and significantly less diverse than all other sampled mammalian orders. The factor most strongly associated with microbial community data for all samples was whether the host was a human. Within nonhuman samples, host taxonomic order was the most significant factor influencing skin microbiota, followed by the geographic location of the habitat. By comparing the congruence between host phylogeny and microbial community dendrograms, we observed that Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) and Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) had significant congruence, providing evidence of phylosymbiosis between skin microbial communities and their hosts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.