SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2018
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable vs Oral Antipsychotics in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Studies.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05473741 (Risk of Breakthrough Symptoms On Antipsychotic Maintenance Medication When Remitted Patients Are Treated With Long-Acting Injectable Medications), which is not on this map. Cited by 88 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Risk of Breakthrough Symptoms On Antipsychotic Maintenance Medication When Remitted Patients Are Treated With Long-Acting Injectable Medications
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 181 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analysis of effectiveness of real-world studies of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: Are the results consistent with the findings of randomized controlled trials?Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Model-Informed Clinical Development of Once-Every-6-Month Injection of Paliperidone Palmitate in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pharmacometric Bridging Approach (Part I).European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2024Trial
- An Open-Label Study to Assess Monthly Risperidone Injections (180 mg) Following Switch from Daily Oral Risperidone (6 mg) in Stable Schizophrenic Patients.Clinical drug investigation · 2024Trial
- Preliminary real-world trends in outpatient revenue following implementation of disease-modifying therapies in general hospital psychiatry in Japan.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a clinical prediction model and risk score for 30-day psychiatric readmission in the United Arab Emirates.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- A White Paper on Advancing Long-Acting Therapeutics for Maternal and Pediatric Health by Bridging Gaps in Clinical Research, Access and Regulation.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Review
- Clinical effectiveness of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: real-world mirror-image evidence.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Impact of treatment with long‑acting injectable antipsychotics on hospitalization and relapse rates in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a 3‑year follow-up mirror‑image study.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- A Rare Case of Cotard's Delusion Treated With Oral and Long-Term Injectable Antipsychotics: A Case Report.Case reports in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Violence Against Physicians by Patients With Schizophrenia: A Forensic Psychiatric Case Series.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Rehospitalization risk in community-dwelling schizophrenia patients receiving paliperidone palmitate: a retrospective cohort study in urban China.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Healthcare for individuals with schizophrenia in Taiwan: 10-year national trend analysis.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Guideline for pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia 2022.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Article
- Real-World Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable and Oral Antipsychotic Agents in US Medicare Patients with Schizophrenia.Advances in therapy · 2025Article
- Transitions of care: Assessment of adherence to long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment following discharge from inpatient psychiatry.The mental health clinician · 2025Article
- Treatment effectiveness and preference in patients with schizophrenia switched from oral standard of care atypical antipsychotics to aripiprazole once-monthly: a brief report over a six-month period.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Treatment Patterns and Outcomes from OASIS: A Prospective Observational Study of Long-Acting Injectables in Schizophrenia.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Budget impact of aripiprazole once every 2 months long-acting injectable for adult patients with schizophrenia in the United States.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Compared with oral antipsychotics (OAPs), long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) should improve medication adherence and reduce relapses in schizophrenia. However, meta-analyses of randomized trials and mirror-image studies yielded inconsistent results. Nonrandomized cohort studies with parallel comparisons of LAIs and OAPs offer a third design to examine this issue. We meta-analyzed cohort studies with ≥24 weeks duration and hospitalization data. Primary outcome was hospitalization rate, ie, number of hospitalizations per person-year. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization risk, ie, proportion of patients experiencing ≥1 hospitalizations, all-cause discontinuation, and total hospitalization days. Patient severity and/or chronicity at baseline was also meta-analyzed and explored as a potential effect size moderator. Altogether, 42 studies (n = 101 624; follow-up = 18.6 ± 10.0 mo) were meta-analyzed. LAIs were superior to OAPs regarding hospitalization rate (studies = 15, person-years = 68 009, rate ratio = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.78-0.93, P < .001) and all-cause discontinuations (studies = 10, n = 37 293, risk ratio = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.67-0.91, P = .001), but not regarding hospitalization risk (studies = 33, n = 51 733, risk ratio = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84-1.00, P = .06), and hospitalization days (studies = 11, n = 21 328, Hedges' g = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.16 to 0.06, P = .39). Illness severity/chronicity was significantly greater in patients prescribed LAIs vs OAPs when all available information was pooled together (studies = 23, n = 61 806, Hedges' g = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.03-0.26, P = .01), but not when examined separately. In summary, this meta-analysis of cohort studies, which included patients that are broadly representative of clinical practice, indicates that LAIs are superior to OAPs. The lack of significant superiority of LAIs for hospitalization risk and hospital days needs to be interpreted in the context of naturalistic treatment selection with subsequently greater illness severity/chronicity in LAI-treated patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.