ReviewAnaerobe2018
Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme.
Review in Anaerobe, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 322 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
322 citing papers in PubMed, 589 citations in OpenAlex.
- Zoonotic bacterial pathogens in global fish production: transmission, resistance, and one health control strategies.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Sudden death with pseudomembranous fibrinonecrotic enteritis in a zoo-housed hippopotamus (Journal of veterinary science · 2026Article
- Cardiac lesions in sheep and goats with spontaneousVeterinary pathology · 2026Article
- Innovative Approaches Against Planktonic and Biofilm-ProducingVeterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Suboptimal PAM Enables One-Pot RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Detection ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Isolation, Genomic Evolution, and Pathogenicity ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens XZ-E1 isolated from yak feces in Xizang, China.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Epidemiological and Metabolic Characteristics ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Identification and Genomic Localization of theMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- A novel Bacillus subtilis strain alleviates necrotic enteritis in chickens by reducing NetB toxin from Clostridium perfringens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and mobile genetic elements profile ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- The effect of allicin on the intestinal microbiota and production efficiency in selected farm animals.Journal of veterinary research · 2026Article
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- Wastewater reuse for production of plant-based foods: does spore-formingApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- A pangenome-based strategy for designing a multi-epitope vaccine against non-toxin antigens of necrotic enteritis-associated Clostridium perfringens.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Toxinotyping, Antibiotic Resistance Profile, and In Vitro Bio-Control ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Metagenomics provides broad detection of pathogens, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes in pig diarrhoea and complement conventional methods.Animal microbiome · 2026Article
- Microbiological Quality of Maize Silage in Relation to Agricultural Practices: A Four-Year Study.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- An oral rotavirus-vectored vaccine confers protection againstJournal of virology · 2026Article
262 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes many different histotoxic and enterotoxic diseases in humans and animals as a result of its ability to produce potent protein toxins, many of which are extracellular. The current scheme for the classification of isolates was finalized in the 1960s and is based on their ability to produce a combination of four typing toxins - α-toxin, β-toxin, ε-toxin and ι-toxin - to divide C. perfringens strains into toxinotypes A to E. However, this scheme is now outdated since it does not take into account the discovery of other toxins that have been shown to be required for specific C. perfringens-mediated diseases. We present a long overdue revision of this toxinotyping scheme. The principles for the expansion of the typing system are described, as is a mechanism by which new toxinotypes can be proposed and subsequently approved. Based on these criteria two new toxinotypes have been established. C. perfringens type F consists of isolates that produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), but not β-toxin, ε-toxin or ι-toxin. Type F strains will include strains responsible for C. perfringens-mediated human food poisoning and antibiotic associated diarrhea. C. perfringens type G comprises isolates that produce NetB toxin and thereby cause necrotic enteritis in chickens. There are at least two candidates for future C. perfringens toxinotypes, but further experimental work is required before these toxinotypes can formally be proposed and accepted.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.