SynthesisInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2018
Clinical characteristics and severity of influenza infections by virus type, subtype, and lineage: A systematic literature review.
Synthesis in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Viral Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 Causes a Different Cytokine Response Compared to Other Cytokine Storm-Causing Respiratory Viruses in Severely Ill Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics and severity of influenza infections by virus type, subtype, and lineage: A systematic literature review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2018Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine in populations aged ≥ 3 years: A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Article
- The one-month impact of influenza infection on patient-reported symptom burden among symptomatic U.S. adults with a test-confirmed illness: a longitudinal study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- In-Hospital Complications of Influenza A and B Among Hospitalized Australian Children in the Post-COVID Era.The clinical respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Severity of Clinical Presentation and Outcomes in Hospitalized Adult People With Influenza by Type and Subtype, United States-2017-2020.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Nationwide population-level influenza cycle threshold values and trends in influenza incidence: a longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Electrochemical biosensors based on the 3D immobilization of capture probes for influenza virus detection.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Viral Reprogramming of Nucleotide Synthesis and Its Impact on Viral Infection.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- Review
- Influenza-Related Deaths in the Czech Republic Over 21 Seasons.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Epidemiological trends of influenza A and B in one hospital in Chengdu and national surveillance data (2019-2024).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in acute respiratory tract infections-multi-year analysis based on data from a large tertiary care medical center in Israel.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Influenza in travelers from Germany returning from abroad: a retrospective case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimStudies carried out in the early 2000s found that the number of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths was highest in seasons dominated by A(H3N2), suggesting that the clinical presentation and severity of influenza may differ across virus types, subtypes, and lineages. We aimed to review the studies that examined this hypothesis.
methodWe conducted a literature review of studies published until January 2017 that compared the clinical presentation, disease severity, and case-fatality ratio of influenza patients infected with different virus types (A, B), subtypes (pre-pandemic A(H1N1), A(H1N1)p, A(H3N2)), and lineages (Victoria, Yamagata).
resultsThe literature search resulted in over 1700 entries: After applying in- and exclusion criteria, 47 studies were included in the literature review. Studies showed a wide diversity in setting and populations. Only a minority of studies provided results adjusted by patient's age and other potential confounders. There were very few differences in the clinical presentation of patients infected with different influenza viruses. We found weak evidence that the A(H1N1)p subtype in the post-pandemic period was more often associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia, ICU admission, and death, than the other influenza virus (sub)types.
conclusionContrary to what is commonly assumed, the causal virus subtype does not seem to be a major determinant of clinical presentation and severity of influenza illness. However, drawing conclusions was made difficult by the low comparability and methodological shortcomings of included studies, and more well-designed studies are warranted.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.