ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2018
A review of current theories and treatments for phantom limb pain.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Virtual and Augmented Reality in Management of Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review.Hand (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Neuromodulation Techniques in Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- Motor Cortex Reorganization in Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review of TMS Motor Mapping Studies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Graded Motor Imagery (GRAMI Protocol) for Phantom Limb Pain: A Randomised Clinical Trial of Home-Based Intervention.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Neural Interfaces for Bidirectional Sensory Restoration in Limb Prostheses: Current Evidence and Clinical Translation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Fibromyalgia: a real phantom pain?Clinical rheumatology · 2026Review
- Outcomes Following Targeted Muscle Reinnervation in Pediatric Amputations: A Systematic Review.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- The lived complexity of phantom limb telescoping: insights from a qualitative study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Article
- Sensory Sensitivity Over Time After Lower Limb Amputation and Its Association with Phantom Limb Pain.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Experiences of coping with and adjusting to phantom limb pain: An interpretative phenomenological analysis.British journal of pain · 2025Article
- Virtual reality in chronic pain management: how do we galvanize a stagnant field?Pain management · 2025Article
- Emerging neural modulation techniques for the management of phantom limb pain: Evidence from randomized controlled trials.World journal of orthopedics · 2025Article
- Disrupted Biotensegrity in the Fiber Cellular Fascial Network and Neuroma Microenvironment: A Conceptual Framework for "Phantom Limb Pain".International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Defective Intracortical Inhibition as a Marker of Impaired Neural Compensation in Amputees Undergoing Rehabilitation.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of phantom limb pain: A case report and literature review.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2025Review
- Pain without presence: a narrative review of the pathophysiological landscape of phantom limb pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Multimodal Approaches for Pain Management and Improving Functional Outcomes Following Amputation.Journal of orthopaedics and sports medicine · 2025Article
- Treatment of Phantom and Residual Limb Pain in Amputees With Targeted Muscle Reinnervation.Eplasty · 2025Article
- Case report: Exploring cortico-muscular coherence during Mirror visual feedback for deafferentation pain: a proof-of-concept study.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Following amputation, most amputees still report feeling the missing limb and often describe these feelings as excruciatingly painful. Phantom limb sensations (PLS) are useful while controlling a prosthesis; however, phantom limb pain (PLP) is a debilitating condition that drastically hinders quality of life. Although such experiences have been reported since the early 16th century, the etiology remains unknown. Debate continues regarding the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Currently, the most posited mechanistic theories rely on neuronal network reorganization; however, greater consideration should be given to the role of the dorsal root ganglion within the peripheral nervous system. This Review provides an overview of the proposed mechanistic theories as well as an overview of various treatments for PLP.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.