ArticleInternational journal of mental health systems2018
Exposure to gender-based violence and depressive symptoms among transgender women in Cambodia: findings from the National Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey 2016.
Article in International journal of mental health systems, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- A scoping review examining measurement of anti-transgender stigma in low- and middle-income countries.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Depressive symptoms and associated factors among travestis and transsexuals: a cross-sectional study.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2024Article
- Protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Cambodian individuals with PTSD: Trauma-Informed Treatment Algorithms for Advancing Novel Outcomes (Project TITAN).Contemporary clinical trials · 2023Article
- "No matter what, we just work with the trauma…": Mental Health Therapists' Care of Diverse Sexual and Gender Identity Citizens in Cambodia.Research square · 2023Article
- Barriers and facilitators of post-violence help-seeking behavior among 21-49-year-old transgender women in Phnom Penh: A qualitative study.International journal of transgender health · 2023Article
- Gender-based violence and depressive symptoms among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Methodologies of Stigma-Related Research Amongst Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and Transgender People in Asia and the Pacific Low/Middle Income Countries (LMICs): A Scoping Review.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2021Article
- HIV risks and recent HIV testing among transgender women in Cambodia: Findings from a national survey.PloS one · 2020Article
- Access to community-based HIV services among transgender women in Cambodia: findings from a national survey.International journal for equity in health · 2019Article
- Sexual behavior stigma and depression among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men in Côte d'Ivoire.Annals of epidemiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTransgender women are at significant risk of HIV, and they face intersecting barriers to health, social, and legal services. However, data regarding the unique needs and experiences of transgender women are globally scant. This study examined the relationship between gender-based violence and depressive symptoms among transgender women in Cambodia.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 1375 sexually active transgender women recruited by using the respondent-driven sampling method in the capital city of Phnom Penh and 12 provinces between December 2015 and February 2016. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to explore factors independently associated with depressive symptoms.
resultsOf total, 45.0% of the participants had depressive symptoms, and 21.8% had severe depressive symptoms. After controlling for potential confounders, transgender women with depressive symptoms remained significantly more likely to report several negative experiences of gender-based violence such as a feeling that co-workers or classmates were not supportive regarding their transgender identity (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.22-3.28), having difficulties in getting a job (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.29-2.16), having been denied or thrown out of housing (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02-2.26), having difficulties in getting health services (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.50-3.82), having been physically abused (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.15-2.08), and having been fearful of being arrested by police or authorities (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.64-2.91) because of their transgender identity. Regarding their childhood experiences, transgender women with depressive symptoms remained significantly more likely to report that someone had tried to touch them or make them touch in a sexual way when they were growing up (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.61-2.68).
conclusionsTransgender women in Cambodia experience high levels of gender-based violence and depressive symptoms. To address these concerns, a combination of service and policy interventions are required. These may include training and sensitization of trained and lay health providers in screening for depressive symptoms and integration of mental health services into facility- and community-based HIV services with enforcement of policies and laws that protect the rights of transgender women against gender-based violence.
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