ArticleTobacco control2019
Compliance with the City of Chicago's partial ban on menthol cigarette sales.
Article in Tobacco control, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review investigating policy design and implementation of US state and local policy to restrict the sale of flavored tobacco products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Menthol Cigarette Bans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Pooled it
- Illegal product purchasing in the experimental tobacco marketplace: Effects of menthol cigarette and cigarette ventilation ban.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- Sales of cigarettes with WS-3, a synthetic cooling agent, in an area with a menthol cigarette sales prohibition.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- National longitudinal risk of tobacco use among youth and young adults in US local jurisdictions with and without flavor and comprehensive smoke-free policies, 2014-2019.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2025Article
- Evaluations of Compliance With California's First Tobacco Sales Bans and Tobacco Marketing in Restricted and Cross-Border Stores.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Cross-sectional patterns and longitudinal transitions of unflavored and flavored cigar use without and with cigarettes among United States adults.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- A Longitudinal Analysis of Flavored Cigar Use and Cigar Smoking Cessation Among US Adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Assessing tobacco retailer compliance with flavoured tobacco product sales restrictions: a cross-sectional study of four California cities.BMJ public health · 2023Article
- Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions Reduce Tobacco Product Availability and Retailer Advertising.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Comprehensive Qualitative Review of Studies Evaluating the Impact of Local US Laws Restricting the Sale of Flavored and Menthol Tobacco Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Review
- The Flavor Train: The Nature and Extent of Flavored Cigarettes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Local sales restrictions significantly reduce the availability of menthol tobacco: findings from four Minnesota cities.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- Compliance with San Francisco's flavoured tobacco sales prohibition.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- Availability of menthol cigarettes in Oakland, California after a partial flavor ban.Preventive medicine reports · 2020Article
- Modelling retailer-based exemptions in flavoured tobacco sales restrictions: national estimates on the impact of product availability.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Impact of population tobacco control interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: a systematic review and appraisal of future research directions.Tobacco control · 2020Review
- The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults.Addictive behaviors reports · 2020Article
- Flavored Tobacco Sales Prohibition (2009) and Noncigarette Tobacco Products in Retail Stores (2017), New York City.American journal of public health · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIn the USA, menthol cigarettes are associated with smoking initiation and decreased likelihood of cessation, particularly for low-income and non-White populations. Local ordinances to restrict menthol cigarette sales are an emergent policy option. In July 2016, Chicago, Illinois became the first major US city to ban menthol cigarette sales within 500 feet of schools. This study assessed ban compliance in June 2017.
methodsWe randomly selected 100 of 154 stores within 500 feet of a high school. Ninety stores were included in the analysis, excluding permanently closed stores or stores that did not sell tobacco prior to the ban. Compliance was determined by whether a menthol cigarette pack was purchased. We also assessed presence of menthol cigarette replacement packs. Multivariable logistic regression modelled compliance by store type, school (distance to high school, school type) and neighbourhood-level factors (poverty level, proportion of non-White residents).
resultsCompliance rate was 57% (weighted, n=53) and no replacement packs were observed. Non-compliant stores were more likely to advertise menthol cigarettes, but ads were present in eight compliant stores. Gas stations had 81% lower odds (OR=0.19, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.58) of complying with the menthol cigarette ban compared with larger/chain stores. School-level and neighbourhood factors were not associated with compliance. DISCUSSION: The poor compliance observed with Chicago's partial menthol cigarette ban highlights the need for comprehensive efforts. Optimising local resources to target enforcement efforts in gas stations could improve compliance. Ordinances that also restrict advertising could potentially enhance ban impact by reducing exposure to product and promotions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.