Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29850029›Full record

ArticleResearch involvement and engagement2018

The extent, quality and impact of patient and public involvement in primary care research: a mixed methods study.

Steven Blackburn, Sarah McLachlan, Sue Jowett, Philip Kinghorn, Paramjit Gill, Adele Higginbottom, Carol Rhodes, Fiona Stevenson, Clare Jinks

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Research involvement and engagement, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
83citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

83 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) in Otolaryngology research: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Frameworks to Evaluate the Quality of Public Involvement in Health and Social Care Research: A Scoping Review.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026
    Article
  7. Defining Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement Tasks in Health Data Research: A Consensus Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in Secondary Data Analysis: Protocol for a Targeted Review.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. [A qualitative interview study to streamline integration of patient participation in research].Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. A scoping review of patient and public involvement in empirical stroke research.International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society · 2024
    Article

23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Steven Blackburn1Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2629-3126
Sarah McLachlan2Department of Physiotherapy, Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, UK.
Sue Jowett3Health Economics Unit, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Philip Kinghorn3Health Economics Unit, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Paramjit Gill4Social Science and Systems in Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Adele Higginbottom1Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Carol Rhodes1Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Fiona Stevenson6The Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
Clare Jinks1Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

plain english summaryIn the UK, more patients go to primary care than other parts of the health service. Therefore it is important for research into primary care to include the insights and views of people who receive these services. To explore the extent, quality and impact of patient and public involvement (PPI) in primary care research, we examined documents of 200 projects and surveyed 191 researchers.We found that about half of studies included PPI to develop research ideas and during the study itself. Common activities included designing study materials, advising on methods, and managing the research. Some studies did not undertake the PPI activities initially planned and funded for. PPI varied by study design, health condition and study population. We found pockets of good practice: having a PPI budget, supporting PPI contributors, and PPI informing recruitment issues. However, good practice was lacking in other areas. Few projects offered PPI contributors training, used PPI to develop information for participants about study progress and included PPI to advise on publishing findings.Researchers reported beneficial impacts of PPI. Most impact was reported when the approach to PPI included more indicators of good practice. The main cost of PPI for researchers was their time. Many reported difficulties providing information about PPI.In partnership with PPI contributors, we have used these findings to develop:a new Cost and Consequences Framework for PPI highlighting financial and non-financial costs, benefits and harms of PPIFifteen co-produced recommendations to improve the practice and delivery of PPI. ABSTRACT:

Indexed as

Cost and consequences frameworkImpactMixed methods, primary care researchPatient and public involvementQuality

Identifiers

PMID29850029
PMCPMC5966874

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.