ReviewOrthopaedic journal of sports medicine2018
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Review in Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pragmatic Posterior Capsular Stretch Versus Sleeper Stretch in Subject With Shoulder Pathologies: a Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Comparison of Cross Body and Sleeper Stretch on Pain, Range of Motion and Functional Performance in Cricket Bowlers With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficiency(GIRD).
Cortical Processing of Proprioception Related to Pitching Performance in Baseball Players With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of dry needling on recovery, neuromuscular function, and injury outcomes in sports athletes: a systematic review targeting the neck and related regions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of a novel stretching technique on shoulder range of motion in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits: a randomized controlled trial.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2021Trial
- Scapular Dyskinesis, Glenohumeral Internal Rotation, and Pectoralis Minor Length in Male Elite Tennis Players.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2026Article
- Assessing Active and Passive Glenohumeral Rotational Deficits in Professional Tennis Players: Use of Normative Values at 90° and 45° of Abduction to Make Decisions in Injury-Prevention Programs.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit: insights into pathologic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics.Clinics in shoulder and elbow · 2024Article
- Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in Young Asymptomatic Elite Swimmers.Journal of athletic training · 2024Article
- Participants with restricted dominant shoulder internal rotation range of motion demonstrate no side-to-side difference in humeral head translation; and no difference before and after joint mobilization: a pilot study.Journal of physical therapy science · 2024Article
- Preparation For Flight: The Physical Profile of Pre-Professional and Professional Circus Artists in the United States.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
- Combined Effects of Glenohumeral Mobilization, Stretching, and Thoracic Manipulation on Shoulder Internal Rotation Range of Motion.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
- A 6-week randomized-controlled field study: effect of isokinetic eccentric resistance training on strength, flexibility and muscle structure of the shoulder external rotators in male junior handball players.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Preliminary Insights into the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Modified Arm Care Screen Test for Overhead Athletes: An On-Field Tool for Injury Prevention.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Risk factors for shoulder injuries in handball: systematic review.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Risk Factors for, and Prediction of, Shoulder Pain in Young Badminton Players: A Prospective Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Multicomponent stretching and rubber band strengthening exercises do not reduce overuse shoulder injuries: a cluster randomised controlled trial with 579 handball athletes.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2022Article
- Reciprocal inhibition improves posterior shoulder tightness and shoulder range of motion in youth baseball players.JSES international · 2021Article
- Pitcher Shoulder: Update Article.Revista brasileira de ortopedia · 2021Article
- Epidemiology and pain in elementary school-aged players: a survey of Japanese badminton players participating in the national tournament.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Injury and training history are associated with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in youth tennis athletes.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is an association between throwing activity and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). An 18° to 20° deficit has been adopted as the standard definition of pathological GIRD, but specific findings as to how GIRD relates to an injury are inconsistent. PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature to clarify the definition of GIRD diagnosis for adolescent and adult overhead athletes and to examine the association between GIRD and an increased risk of injuries in these athletes. STUDY
designSystematic review; Level of evidence, 4.
methodsA systematic review of the literature was performed. Observational studies comparing glenohumeral internal rotation range of motion (ROM) in injured and uninjured overhead athletes were included for the meta-analysis. Studies of adolescent and adult athletes were analyzed separately. ROM was compared for the injured and uninjured groups, and a weighted mean GIRD was estimated. To account for potential heterogeneity across studies, both fixed- and random-effects models were used to calculate a standardized mean difference (SMD).
resultsNine studies of level 3 or 4 evidence were included. From these, 12 study groups (4 adolescent, 8 adult) comprising 819 overhead athletes (226 injured, 593 uninjured) were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated SMD in GIRD between the injured and uninjured groups was 0.46 (95% CI, 0.15-0.77;
conclusionBased on this systematic review, the current definition of pathological GIRD may be too conservative, and a distinct definition may be required for adolescent and adult athletes. While the results indicate a link between internal rotation deficits and upper extremity injuries in the overhead athlete, higher quality prospective research is needed to clarify the role that GIRD plays in future injuries to overhead athletes of various ages.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.