ArticlePeerJ2018
The global burden of HIV-1 drug resistance in the past 20 years.
Article in PeerJ, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) in Treatment-Naive Adults With HIV-1 and Transmitted Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Trial
- Unveiling the Impact of Drug-Sensitive Mutations on HIV-1 Protease Dynamics: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the T12A, L63Q, and H69N Variants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Based mRNA Therapeutics and Vaccines.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2025Review
- Delineating Structural Functionalities of Lenacapavir Amenable to Modifications for Targeting Emerging Drug-Resistant HIV‑1 Capsid Variants.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2025Article
- Treatment of Advanced HIV in the Modern Era.Drugs · 2025Review
- Prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance among antiretroviral-naïve individuals in Togo in 2023: a national study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- HIV multidrug class resistance prediction with a time sliding anchor approach.Bioinformatics advances · 2025Article
- A multidisciplinary approach for people with HIV failing antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2024Article
- Reduced probability of improving viro-immunological state in subjects with vertical transmission of HIV reaching adult age: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- Consequences of HIV infection in the bone marrow niche.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Molnupiravir combined with different repurposed drugs further inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in human nasal epithelium in vitro.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Article
- Trends of Transmitted and Acquired Drug Resistance in Europe From 1981 to 2019: A Comparison Between the Populations of Late Presenters and Non-late Presenters.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Performance of Affinity-Improved DARPin Targeting HIV Capsid Domain in Interference of Viral Progeny Production.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Exosome-mediated stable epigenetic repression of HIV-1.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Article
- Sociodemographic, Ecological, and Spatiotemporal Factors Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance in Florida: A Retrospective Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Increased HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance with consistent clade homogeneity among ART-naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Ethiopia.Retrovirology · 2020Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infected Migrants Followed up in Portugal: Trends between 2001-2017.Viruses · 2020Article
- High HIV-1 diversity in immigrants resident in Italy (2008-2017).Scientific reports · 2020Article
- HIV-1 Drug Resistance in ART-Naïve Individuals in Myanmar.Infection and drug resistance · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Genotypic drug resistance testing has been an integral part of the clinical management of HIV patients for almost 20 years, not only assisting treatment choices but also informing drug development. Accurate estimations on the worldwide circulation of drug resistance are difficult to obtain, particularly in low/middle-income countries. In this work, we queried two of the largest public HIV sequence repositories in the world-Los Alamos and Stanford HIVdb-to derive global prevalence, time trends and geodemographic predictors of HIV drug resistance. Different genotypic interpretation systems were used to ascertain resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. Continental, subtype-specific (including circulating recombinant forms) stratification as well as analysis on drug-naïve isolates were performed. Geographic information system analysis correlated country-specific drug resistance to sociodemographic and health indicators obtained from the World Bank. By looking at over 33,000 sequences worldwide between 1996 and 2016, increasing drug resistance trends with non-B subtypes and recombinants were found; transmitted drug resistance appeared to remain stable in the last decade. While an increase in drug resistance is expected with antiretroviral therapy rollout in resource-constrained areas, the plateau effect in areas covered by the most modern drug regimens warns against the downgrading of the resistance issue.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.