ArticleBMC medical research methodology2018
Analysis of randomised trials with long-term follow-up.
Article in BMC medical research methodology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- School-based health and nutrition interventions addressing double burden of malnutrition and educational outcomes of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Preferences of Cancer Survivors for Follow-Up Care: A Systematic Review of Discrete Choice Experiments.The patient · 2025Pooled it
- Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of Sanitation Interventions on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in Rural Communities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Psychosocial interventions to support the mental health of informal caregivers of persons living with dementia - a systematic literature review.BMC geriatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Long-Term Treatment Outcomes of Peri-Implantitis Reconstructive Therapy: 7-Year Survival and Success of a Randomized Clinical Trial.Clinical oral implants research · 2025Trial
- Effect of Four Hemoglobin Transfusion Threshold Strategies in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia : A Target Trial Emulation Using MINT Trial Data.Annals of internal medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Evaluation of the telehealth making sense of brain tumor psychological support intervention for people with primary brain tumor and their caregivers: A randomized controlled trial.Psycho-oncology · 2023Trial
- A more than 20-year follow-up of pain and disability after anterior cervical decompression and fusion surgery for degenerative disc disease and comparisons between two surgical techniques.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Routine lung volume recruitment in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a randomised clinical trial.Thorax · 2022Trial
- Impulsive Lifestyle Counselling versus treatment as usual to reduce offending in people with co-occurring antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorder: a post hoc analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Pharmacist-led counselling intervention to improve antiretroviral drug adherence in Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Trial
- Effect of pain management, supervised exercise, and pelvic floor muscle training on sexual function in women with endometriosis: A randomized controlled trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- 16-year follow-up of Family Spirit intervention effects on Native American maternal-child outcomes: study protocol.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Temporal Learning with Dynamic Range (TLDR) for modeling recurrent exposure and treatment outcomes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Telemedicine-delivered treatment for substance use disorder: A scoping review.Journal of telemedicine and telecare · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Randomised trials with long-term follow-up can provide estimates of the long-term effects of health interventions. However, analysis of long-term outcomes in randomised trials may be complicated by problems with the administration of treatment such as non-adherence, treatment switching and co-intervention, and problems obtaining outcome measurements arising from loss to follow-up and death of participants. Methods for dealing with these issues that involve conditioning on post-randomisation variables are unsatisfactory because they may involve the comparison of non-exchangeable groups and generate estimates that do not have a valid causal interpretation. We describe approaches to analysis that potentially provide estimates of causal effects when such issues arise. Brief descriptions are provided of the use of instrumental variable and propensity score methods in trials with imperfect adherence, marginal structural models and g-estimation in trials with treatment switching, mixed longitudinal models and multiple imputation in trials with loss to follow-up, and a sensitivity analysis that can be used when trial follow-up is truncated by death or other events. Clinical trialists might consider these methods both at the design and analysis stages of randomised trials with long-term follow-up.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.