SynthesisNature genetics2018
Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in Nature genetics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07330180 (Multicenter, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Randomized Controlled Study Comparing the Dose-Response Relationship of LED Red Light in Controlling Myopia Progression), which is not on this map. Cited by 219 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
219citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
25.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Multicenter, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Randomized Controlled Study Comparing the Dose-Response Relationship of LED Red Light in Controlling Myopia Progression
Who cites it
219 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 365 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polygenic Risk Scores for Myopia: A Systematic Review of Predictive Performance and Clinical Potential.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Polymorphisms of 4 Common Genes and High Myopia Risk: A Comprehensive Analysis.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Pooled it
- Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses of refractive error augment genetic discovery and polygenic prediction.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- SNTB1 gene polymorphisms and risk of high myopia: meta-analysis and single-center validation.Molecular vision · 2025Pooled it
- DNA methylation biomarkers and myopia: a multi-omics study integrating GWAS, mQTL and eQTL data.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Myopia prediction: a systematic review.Eye (London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Screen time and health issues in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Association of anthropometric measures across the life-course with refractive error and ocular biometry at age 15 years.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- Association of 5p15.2 and 15q14 with high myopia in Tujia and Miao Chinese populations.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia.Nature genetics · 2020Pooled it
- Genome-wide association meta-analysis of corneal curvature identifies novel loci and shared genetic influences across axial length and refractive error.Communications biology · 2020Pooled it
- Cross-tissue dual-omics analysis reveals molecular programs linked to myopia susceptibility and progression.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- Identifying potential therapeutic targets for high myopia via a case-control study and Mendelian randomisation analyses of the human blood metabolome.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Mouse predation is dependent on a population of POU6F2-positive retinal ganglion cells.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Beyond Screen Time: A Measurement Framework for Behavioral Exposures in Childhood Myopia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Incidence and Risk Factors of Refractive Error in Children in Spain: CISViT Project.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Integrating Polygenic Risk and Ocular Phenotyping Reveals an Axial-Length-Dominant Mechanism in High and Extreme High Myopia.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Associations Among the Gradient Refractive Index of the Lens, Axial Length, and Refractive State in the Developing Murine Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
159 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
101 authors at 20 institutions in 15 countries.
Milly S TedjaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0356-9684
Robert WojciechowskiDepartment of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Pirro G HysiSection of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-2510
Nicholas Eriksson23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA.
Nicholas A Furlotte23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA.
Virginie J M VerhoevenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-7862
Adriana I IglesiasDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-764X
Magda A Meester-SmoorDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Stuart W TompsonDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9788-6730
Qiao FanCentre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Anthony P KhawajaDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6802-8585
Ching-Yu ChengCentre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
René HöhnDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Kenji YamashiroDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-8558
Adam WenocurDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Clare GrazalDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Toomas HallerEstonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Andres MetspaluEstonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Juho WedenojaDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6155-0378
Jost B JonasDepartment of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-5227
Ya Xing WangBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-7793
Jing XieCentre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Paul MitchellDepartment of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Paul J FosterNIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-177X
Barbara E K KleinDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Ronald KleinDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-6237
Andrew D PatersonProgram in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
S Mohsen HosseiniProgram in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Rupal L ShahSchool of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-8869
Cathy WilliamsDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK.
Yik Ying TeoDepartment of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Yih Chung ThamOcular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Preeti GuptaDepartment of Health Service Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Wanting ZhaoCentre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Yuan ShiStatistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Woei-Yuh SawLife Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
E-Shyong TaiSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Xue Ling SimSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Jennifer E HuffmanMRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Ozren PolašekFaculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
Caroline HaywardMRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-9550
Goran BencicDepartment of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
Igor RudanCentre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-6884
James F WilsonMRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-9178
CREAM Consortium
23andMe Research Team
UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium
Peter K JoshiCentre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6361-5059
Akitaka TsujikawaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Fumihiko MatsudaCenter for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Kristina N WhisenhuntDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-7666
Tanja ZellerClinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Peter J van der SpekDepartment of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Roxanna HaakDepartment of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Hanne Meijers-HeijboerDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Elisabeth M van LeeuwenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Sudha K IyengarDepartment of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Jonathan H LassDepartment of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Albert HofmanDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Fernando RivadeneiraDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-9441
André G UitterlindenDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Johannes R VingerlingDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Terho LehtimäkiDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
Olli T RaitakariResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Ginevra BiinoInstitute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-946X
Maria Pina ConcasInstitute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy.
Tae-Hwi Schwantes-AnComputational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Robert P IgoDepartment of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Gabriel Cuellar-PartidaStatistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Nicholas G MartinGenetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Jamie E CraigDepartment of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Puya GharahkhaniStatistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-5952
Katie M WilliamsSection of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4596-3938
Abhishek NagDepartment of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
Jugnoo S RahiNIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
Phillippa M CumberlandGreat Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
Cécile DelcourtUniversité de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2099-0481
Céline BellenguezInstitut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-7874
Janina S RiedResearch Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Arthur A BergenDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Thomas MeitingerInstitute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
Christian GiegerResearch Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Tien Yin WongAcademic Medicine Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
Alex W HewittCentre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5999
David A MackeyCentre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Claire L SimpsonComputational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Norbert PfeifferDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Olavi PärssinenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Paul N BairdCentre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1305-3502
Veronique VitartMRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Najaf AminDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Cornelia M van DuijnDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Joan E Bailey-WilsonComputational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9153-2920
Terri L YoungDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-9941
Seang-Mei SawSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Dwight StambolianDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Stuart MacGregorStatistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Jeremy A GuggenheimSchool of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-340X
Joyce Y Tung23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA.
Christopher J HammondSection of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-2620
Caroline C W KlaverDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. c.c.w.klaver@erasmusmc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2355-5258
Erasmus MC · NLNational University of Singapore · SGUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · USInstitute of Genetics and Cancer · GBKing's College London · GBNational Institutes of Health · USQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute · AUSingapore National Eye Center · SG23andMe (United States) · USCase Western Reserve University · USKyoto University · JPMoorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity of Pennsylvania · USBeijing Tongren Hospital · CNCardiff University · GBHelmholtz Zentrum München · DELions Eye Institute · AUThe University of Melbourne · AUUniversity of Edinburgh · GBUniversity of Tartu · EE
Funding
The Molecular Genetics of High MyopiaR01EY014685 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI YOUNG, TERRI LOIS · 2003 to 2017
$8.1MGenetic Epidemiology of Refractive ErrorR01EY020483 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI STAMBOLIAN, DWIGHT EDWARD · 2010 to 2014
$2.9MIntegrative Data Analysis for Refractive ErrorR01EY024233 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI STAMBOLIAN, DWIGHT EDWARD · 2014 to 2016
$1.2MGene-environment-wide interaction studies of ocular refractionK08EY022943 · NEI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI WOJCIECHOWSKI, ROBERT J. · 2013 to 2017
$776kWhole-genome Association Analyses of Refractive Error and Myopia in the UK Biobank StudyR21EY027880 · NEI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI WOJCIECHOWSKI, ROBERT J. · 2018 to 2019
$450kCancer Research UK 14136Department of Health CS-2014-14-023Medical Research Council G0401527Medical Research Council G1000143Medical Research Council G19/2Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_UU_00007/10Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/4Medical Research Council MC_UU_12015/1Medical Research Council MR/N003284/1NEI NIH HHS K08 EY022943NEI NIH HHS R01 EY014685NEI NIH HHS R01 EY020483NEI NIH HHS R01 EY024233NEI NIH HHS R21 EY027880
Abstract
Refractive errors, including myopia, are the most frequent eye disorders worldwide and an increasingly common cause of blindness. This genome-wide association meta-analysis in 160,420 participants and replication in 95,505 participants increased the number of established independent signals from 37 to 161 and showed high genetic correlation between Europeans and Asians (>0.78). Expression experiments and comprehensive in silico analyses identified retinal cell physiology and light processing as prominent mechanisms, and also identified functional contributions to refractive-error development in all cell types of the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix. Newly identified genes implicate novel mechanisms such as rod-and-cone bipolar synaptic neurotransmission, anterior-segment morphology and angiogenesis. Thirty-one loci resided in or near regions transcribing small RNAs, thus suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. Our results support the notion that refractive errors are caused by a light-dependent retina-to-sclera signaling cascade and delineate potential pathobiological molecular drivers.
Indexed as
AdultAsian PeopleBlindnessFemaleGene Expression RegulationGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaleMyopiaPolymorphism, Single NucleotideRefractive ErrorsRetinaRetinal Pigment EpitheliumSignal TransductionWhite People
Identifiers
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Registered trials
NCT07330180ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.