Quantitative Extra Long PCR to Detect DNA Lesions in Patients Exposed to Low Doses of Diagnostic Radiation

Background: Radiation causes oxidative lesions and strand breaks in DNA of exposed cells. Extended length PCR is a reliable method for assessing DNA damage. Longer DNA strands with DNA damage are difficult to amplify compared to smaller DNA strands by PCR. The present study was aimed to evaluate DNA damage caused by ionising radiation exposure in therapeutic and diagnostic medicine. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 50 cases with low dose single exposure (LDS), low dose multiple exposure (LDM) and low dose angiography (LDA) which were compared with 25 high dose controls (HDC) and 25 controls with no exposure (NEC). Blood samples were collected within 1 hour of radiation exposure. DNA was isolated using a kit based protocol, 50 ng aliquots of DNA were used to amplify a long 13kbp DNA fragment of the β-actin gene by conventional PCR and band intensity was then quantified. Relative amplification was calculated and damage was expressed in terms of lesions per kilobase (kbp) by assuming a Poisson distribution. Result: Relative amplification was found to be 1.0, 0.87, 0.86, 0.72 and 0.69 with NEC, LDS, LDM, LDA and HDC groups, respectively. Cases undergoing angiography as well as high dose controls had high values, compared to NEC. The lesions/kbp calculated for LDS was 0.13, for LDM 0.15, for LDA 0.32 and for HDC 0.37 suggesting a linear increase in quantity with increasing radiation dose. Conclusion: DNA damage, even at low doses of radiation can be assessed by quantitative extra long PCR.