ArticlePsychological science2018
Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes.
Article in Psychological science, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed.
- Infant expectations of instant or delayed gratification.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits in pre-schoolers: Psychosocial profiles in a Brazilian birth cohort.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Low-dimensional factorized neural computations underlie risk-adaptive choices.Research square · 2026Article
- Using episodic future thinking (or not?) to optimize decision-making.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Review
- The conditioning-delay gradient, not impulsivity, accounts for apparent steep delay discounting in monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition · 2026Article
- Exploring the relationship between inhibitory control and coping behaviour in horses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Beyond standardized measures: a mixed-methods pilot study of integrated non-cognitive skills training in German upper secondary students.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Preschoolers' Win-Stay/Lose-Shift Strategy Use in the Children's Gambling Task.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Application of an Ecological Approach to Assessment of Nutrition in School-Aged Children-A Report from the "Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development: Knowledge Indicating Dietary Sufficiency (BOND-KIDS)" Project Working Group 3.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Review
- Early Parenting Effects on Childhood Delay of Gratification and Adolescent Allostatic Load.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Cognitive Architecture of Infant Attachment.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Review
- The Alternative Factors Leading to Replication Crisis: Prediction and Evaluation.Evaluation review · 2025Article
- Development of motivational self-regulation in childhood-An integrative review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Higher social class is associated with higher contextualized emotion recognition accuracy across cultures.PloS one · 2025Article
- The power of cultural habits: The role of effortless control in delaying gratification.Current opinion in psychology · 2024Review
- Delay discounting of rewards and losses, alcohol use, and the influence of socioeconomic factors: A cross-sectional online study in frequent drinkers.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2024Article
- Exposure to detectable inaccuracies makes children more diligent fact-checkers of novel claims.Nature human behaviour · 2024Article
- Executive Functions and Social-Emotional Problems in Toddlerhood: Nature, Persistence, and Direction of Associations.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- Running away from the marshmallow: the relevance of behaviour settings for a situated science of self-control.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Article
- The Use of Nonmonetary Outcomes in Health-Related Delay Discounting Research: Review and Recommendations.Perspectives on behavior science · 2024Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We replicated and extended Shoda, Mischel, and Peake's (1990) famous marshmallow study, which showed strong bivariate correlations between a child's ability to delay gratification just before entering school and both adolescent achievement and socioemotional behaviors. Concentrating on children whose mothers had not completed college, we found that an additional minute waited at age 4 predicted a gain of approximately one tenth of a standard deviation in achievement at age 15. But this bivariate correlation was only half the size of those reported in the original studies and was reduced by two thirds in the presence of controls for family background, early cognitive ability, and the home environment. Most of the variation in adolescent achievement came from being able to wait at least 20 s. Associations between delay time and measures of behavioral outcomes at age 15 were much smaller and rarely statistically significant.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.