Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29799445›Full record

ReviewVaccines2018

Characterization of Hemagglutinin Antigens on Influenza Virus and within Vaccines Using Electron Microscopy.

John R Gallagher, Dustin M McCraw, Udana Torian, Neetu M Gulati, Mallory L Myers, Michael T Conlon, Audray K Harris

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Vaccines, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed
3.6field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Step-by-step maturation mechanism of the binary toxin pore revealed by cryo-EM analysis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
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  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Predicting epitopes for vaccine development using bioinformatics tools.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2022
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
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  17. Cryo-EM cools down swine fever.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2020
    Article
  18. Immunoelectron Microscopy of Viral Antigens.Current protocols in microbiology · 2019
    Article
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

John R GallagherLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. john.gallagher2@nih.gov.
Dustin M McCrawLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. dustin.mccraw@nih.gov.
Udana TorianLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. utorian@niaid.nih.gov.
Neetu M GulatiLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. neetu.gulati@nih.gov.ORCID 0000-0003-3572-4888
Mallory L MyersLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. mallory.myers@nih.gov.
Michael T ConlonLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. michael.conlon@nih.gov.
Audray K HarrisLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. harrisau@mail.nih.gov.ORCID 0000-0002-8875-1874
National Institutes of Health · US

Funding

Structural Biology of Influenza EpitopesZIAAI001180 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI HARRIS, AUDRAY · 2013 to 2025
$12.7M
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Influenza viruses affect millions of people worldwide on an annual basis. Although vaccines are available, influenza still causes significant human mortality and morbidity. Vaccines target the major influenza surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). However, circulating HA subtypes undergo continual variation in their dominant epitopes, requiring vaccines to be updated annually. A goal of next-generation influenza vaccine research is to produce broader protective immunity against the different types, subtypes, and strains of influenza viruses. One emerging strategy is to focus the immune response away from variable epitopes, and instead target the conserved stem region of HA. To increase the display and immunogenicity of the HA stem, nanoparticles are being developed to display epitopes in a controlled spatial arrangement to improve immunogenicity and elicit protective immune responses. Engineering of these nanoparticles requires structure-guided design to optimize the fidelity and valency of antigen presentation. Here, we review electron microscopy applied to study the 3D structures of influenza viruses and different vaccine antigens. Structure-guided information from electron microscopy should be integrated into pipelines for the development of both more efficacious seasonal and universal influenza vaccine antigens. The lessons learned from influenza vaccine electron microscopic research could aid in the development of novel vaccines for other pathogens.

Indexed as

cryo-EMdesignelectron microscopyinfluenzastructurevaccines

Identifiers

PMID29799445
PMCPMC6027289
OpenAlexW2804304026

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.