SynthesisNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2019
An E-Liquid Flavor Wheel: A Shared Vocabulary Based on Systematically Reviewing E-Liquid Flavor Classifications in Literature.
Synthesis in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Chemical Profiles and Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes: An Umbrella Review and Methodological Considerations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Youth use of e-liquid flavours-a systematic review exploring patterns of use of e-liquid flavours and associations with continued vaping, tobacco smoking uptake or cessation.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on e-cigarette product appeal among young adult never, former, and current smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Product acceptance and cigarette reduction: Results from a Velo® pouch actual use study among United States adults who smoke.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Impact of E-Liquids on Phagocytosis, Escape and Invasion ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association between ENDS device and liquid characteristics and cigarette smoking, quitting and smoking reduction behaviors among U.S. adults who frequently use ENDS.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Mapping the flavoring landscape: a comparative analysis of tobacco and related products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Toxicological Evaluation of Vanillin Flavor in E-Liquid Aerosols on Endothelial Cell Function: Findings from the Replica Project.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Article
- From liquid to aerosol: an innovative HPLC method sheds light on nicotine salt dynamics of e-cigarettes.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Influence of E-Liquids and Oral Commensal Bacteria on the Growth ofDentistry journal · 2026Article
- Governing E-cigarettes in China: regulatory challenges and strategies for adolescent protection in the post-flavor ban era.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- E-cigarette liquids alter the biogenesis and properties ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Berry e-liquid flavour toxicities are not equal on an alveolar-capillary barrier cell model according to two exposure methods.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- An Exploratory Typology of Tobacco-Related Misleading Content on Social Media: Qualitative Analysis of Instagram and TikTok.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Differences in "minty" flavor compound and synthetic cooling agent presence in US-marketed menthol-mint e-liquids and devices between 2019-2023.Research square · 2025Article
- Prospective associations between nicotine type and the continuation of youth e-cigarette use.BMC public health · 2025Article
- In vitro toxicological assessment using NCI-H292 cells of the relationship between cytotoxic effects and chemical composition in flavored e-liquids.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Across the world availability of flavour accessories for tobacco products.Tobacco control · 2025Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionE-liquids are available in a high variety of flavors. A systematic classification of e-liquid flavors is necessary to increase comparability of research results. In the food, alcohol, and fragrance industry, flavors are classified using flavor wheels. We systematically reviewed literature on flavors related to electronic cigarette use, to investigate how e-liquid flavors have been classified in research, and propose an e-liquid flavor wheel to classify e-liquids based on marketing descriptions.
methodsThe search was conducted in May 2017 using PubMed and Embase databases. Keywords included terms associated with electronic cigarette, flavors, liking, learning, and wanting in articles. Results were independently screened and reviewed. Flavor categories used in the articles reviewed were extracted.
resultsSearches yielded 386 unique articles of which 28 were included. Forty-three main flavor categories were reported in these articles (eg, tobacco, menthol, mint, fruit, bakery/dessert, alcohol, nuts, spice, candy, coffee/tea, beverages, chocolate, sweet flavors, vanilla, and unflavored). Flavor classifications of e-liquids in literature showed similarities and differences across studies. Our proposed e-liquid flavor wheel contains 13 main categories and 90 subcategories, which summarize flavor categories from literature to find a shared vocabulary. For classification of e-liquids using our flavor wheel, marketing descriptions should be used.
conclusionsWe have proposed a flavor wheel for classification of e-liquids. Further research is needed to test the flavor wheels' empirical value. Consistently classifying e-liquid flavors using our flavor wheel in research (eg, experimental, marketing, or qualitative studies) minimizes interpretation differences and increases comparability of results. IMPLICATIONS: We reviewed e-liquid flavors and flavor categories used in research. A large variation in the naming of flavor categories was found and e-liquid flavors were not consistently classified. We developed an e-liquid flavor wheel and provided a guideline for systematic classification of e-liquids based on marketing descriptions. Our flavor wheel summarizes e-liquid flavors and categories used in literature in order to create a shared vocabulary. Applying our flavor wheel in research on e-liquids will improve data interpretation, increase comparability across studies, and support policy makers in developing rules for regulation of e-liquid flavors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.