ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2018
Lifetime Smoking History and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results From the Framingham Heart Study.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT04688177 (The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers), which is not on this map. Cited by 117 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Facilitators and Barriers to Lung Cancer Screening during Long COVID: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Study Synthesis of Qualitative Research.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Reduction in total and major cause-specific mortality from tobacco smoking cessation: a pooled analysis of 16 population-based cohort studies in Asia.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- Racial and socioeconomic disparities in lung cancer screening in the United States: A systematic review.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians · 2021Pooled it
- Increasing treatment enrollment among smokers who are not motivated to quit: a randomized clinical trial.Translational behavioral medicine · 2022Trial
- Ever-smokers in Norway and lung cancer: median time from self-reported smoking debut to lung cancer diagnosis in 11 prospective population studies (CONOR).ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Airway cell-cell communication in smoking through integration of spatial and single-cell transcriptomics.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Are respiratory physicians adherent to guidelines when evaluating pulmonary nodules?Internal medicine journal · 2026Article
- Electronic cigarette use after smoking cessation and lung cancer risk.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Density homogeneity as a crucial CT indicator for differentiating malignant and benign subcentimeter solid pulmonary nodules: A retrospective multi-center study.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Associations between smoking status, beliefs, and comfort providing quitting support in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Maternal Smoking Status and Residual Risk: Current and Former Smoking Amplify Congenital Heart Disease Incidence and Severity in Offspring.Research square · 2026Article
- Budget Impact of the LungFlag™ Predictive Risk Model for Lung Cancer Screening.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- Differential Assessment of the Global Tobacco Index and Smoking Intensity and Duration on Blood Pressure in Peruvian Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Integrative Genomic and AI Approaches to Lung Cancer and Implications for Disease Prevention in Former Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrating Polygenic Scores with Clinical, Lifestyle, and Social Risk Factors to Improve Heart Failure Risk Prediction.Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing · 2026Article
- Psychological and behavioral profiles of combustible vs. e-cigarette users: a narrative review of the implications for tailored non-pharmacological cessation interventions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Thirteen simple lifestyle scores and risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality: Prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issuedCorrigendum.2018
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The relative risk of lung cancer decreases with years since quitting (YSQ) smoking, but risk beyond 25 YSQ remains unclear. Current lung cancer screening guidelines, which exclude smokers with more than 15 YSQ, may not detect lung cancers in this population. Methods: We analyzed data from Framingham Heart Study Original (n = 3905) and Offspring cohort (n = 5002) participants for lifetime smoking and lung cancer incidence from 1954 to 1958 (Exam 4) and 1971 to 1975 (Exam 1), respectively, through 2013. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models to compare current, former, and never smokers and lung cancer risk. Smoking status and covariates were time-updated every two years (Original) or four years (Offspring). Primary analyses were restricted to heavy ever smokers with more than 21.3 pack-years; additional analyses included all ever smokers. Results: On follow-up (median = 28.7 years), 284 lung cancers were detected: incidence rates/1000 person-years in current, former, and never smokers were 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.66 to 2.33), 1.61 (95% CI = 1.34 to 1.93), and 0.26 (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.39), respectively. Heavy former (vs never) smokers had elevated lung cancer risk at all YSQ (<5: hazard ratio [HR] = 12.12, 95% CI = 6.94 to 21.17; 5-9: HR = 11.77, 95% CI = 6.78 to 20.45; 10-14: HR = 7.81, 95% CI = 3.98 to 15.33; 15-24: HR = 5.88, 95% CI = 3.19-10.83; ≥25: HR = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.80 to 8.26). Heavy former (vs current) smokers had 39.1% lower lung cancer risk within five YSQ. Among all former smokers, 40.8% of lung cancers occurred after more than 15 YSQ. Conclusions: Among heavy former smokers, lung cancer risk drops within five YSQ relative to continuing smokers, yet it remains more than threefold higher than never smokers after 25 YSQ. Four of ten lung cancers occurred in former smokers with more 15 YSQ, beyond the screening window of the current guideline.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.