ReviewNeonatology2018
The Neonatal Microbiome and Its Partial Role in Mediating the Association between Birth by Cesarean Section and Adverse Pediatric Outcomes.
Review in Neonatology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cesarean section and the risk of allergic rhinitis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- The Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Non-Alcoholic Fat Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Gut microbiota development in very preterm infants following fortification of human milk.mSystems · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Offspring Long-Term Respiratory Morbidity Following Cesarean Delivery at Different Stages of Labor.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Mode of birth and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in offspring: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Bowel habits in preterm infants: Observations from the first 2 weeks of life.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Observational
- The Relationship Between Prematurity and Mode of Delivery with Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life.Biology · 2025Review
- PCR-based characterization of nasal and ocular surface flora and functional analysis of bacterial metabolic pathways in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Association between indoor environmental risk factors and pneumonia among preschool children in Urumqi：A case-control study.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Unraveling the Microbial Symphony: Impact of Antibiotics and Probiotics on Infant Gut Ecology and Antibiotic Resistance in the First Six Months of Life.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- RETRACTED: Effect ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- A case-control study of the association between the gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: exploring the roles of diet, stress, and race.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?Nutrients · 2024Review
- Development of systemic and mucosal immune responses against gut microbiota in early life and implications for the onset of allergies.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- From intra- to extra-uterine: early phase design of a transfer to extra-uterine life support through medical simulation.Frontiers in medical technology · 2024Article
- Human microbiome variation associated with race and ethnicity emerges as early as 3 months of age.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- The Footprint of Microbiome in Pediatric Asthma-A Complex Puzzle for a Balanced Development.Nutrients · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCesarean sections (CS) are among the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the world. Epidemiologic data has associated delivery by CS with an increased risk of certain adverse health outcomes in children, such as asthma and obesity.
objectiveTo explore what is known about the effect of mode of delivery on the development of the infant microbiome and discuss the potentially mediating role of CS-related microbial dysbiosis in the development of adverse pediatric health outcomes. Recommendations for future inquiry are also provided.
methodsThis study provides a narrative overview of the literature synthesizing the findings of literature retrieved from searches of PubMed and other computerized databases and authoritative texts.
resultsEmerging evidence suggests that mode of delivery is involved in the development of the neonatal microbiome and may partially explain pediatric health outcomes associated with birth by CS. Specifically, the gut microbiome of vaginally delivered infants more closely resembles their mothers' vaginal microbiome and thus more commonly consists of potentially beneficial microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides. Conversely, the microbiome of infants born via CS shows an increased prevalence of either skin flora or potentially pathogenic microbial communities such as Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Clostridium.
conclusionsMode of delivery plays an important role in the development of the postnatal microbiome but likely tells only part of the story. More comprehensive investigations into all the pre- and perinatal factors that have the potential to contribute to the neonatal microbiome are warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.