ArticleThe journal of trauma and acute care surgery2018
A concomitant bone fracture delays cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury.
Article in The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tibial bone compression promotes recovery after brain injury through osteocyte PIEZO1.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Interaction Between the Brain and Bone in Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Brain-Bone Crosstalk in a Murine Polytrauma Model Promotes Bone Remodeling but Impairs Neuromotor Recovery and Anxiety-Related Behavior.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Impact of a Femoral Fracture on Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury-A Matched-Pair Analysis of the TraumaRegister DGUJournal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Post-traumatic brain injury antithrombin III recovers Morris water maze cognitive performance, improving cued and spatial learning.The journal of trauma and acute care surgery · 2021Article
- Systemic and local cardiac inflammation after experimental long bone fracture, traumatic brain injury and combined trauma in mice.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2021Article
- A Levee to the Flood: Pre-injury Neuroinflammation and Immune Stress Influence Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Review
- Early Reciprocal Effects in a Murine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Femoral Fracture.Mediators of inflammation · 2021Article
- An inflammatory pulmonary insult post-traumatic brain injury worsens subsequent spatial learning and neurological outcomes.The journal of trauma and acute care surgery · 2019Article
- [Formation of gap junctions between adipose stem cells-derived Schwann cells in a rat model of dyskinesia induced by brain injury].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2019Article
- M2 macrophages are closely associated with accelerated clavicle fracture healing in patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBrain injury progression after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with worsening cerebral inflammation but it is unknown how a concomitant bone fracture (BF) affects this progression. Enoxaparin (ENX) decreases penumbral leukocyte mobilization after TBI and improves neurologic recovery. We hypothesized that a concomitant BF worsens learning/memory recovery weeks after TBI and that ENX improves this recovery.
methodsCD1 male mice underwent controlled cortical impact or sham craniotomy with or without tibial fracture, receiving either daily ENX (0.8 mg/kg) or saline for 14 days after injury. Randomization defined four groups (Sham, TBI only, TBI + Fx, TBI + Fx + ENX, n = 5/each). Body weight loss and neurologic recovery (Garcia Neurologic Test, max score = 18) were assessed each day. Mouse learning (swimming time [s] and total distance [m] to reach the submerged platform Days 14 to 17 after TBI) and memory (swimming time [s] in platform quadrant after platform removed [probe]) was assessed by the Morris water maze. Ly-6G (cerebral neutrophil sequestration) and glial fibrillary acidic protein were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in brain tissue post mortem. Analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test determined significance (p < 0.05).
resultsA concurrent BF worsened Garcia Neurologic Test scores post-TBI Days 2 to 4 (p < 0.01) as compared with TBI only, and ENX reversed this worsening on Day 4 (p < 0.01). Learning was significantly slower (greater swimming time and distance) in TBI + Fx versus TBI only on Day 17 (p < 0.01). This was despite similar swimming velocities in both groups, indicating intact extremity motor function. Memory was similar in isolated TBI and Sham which was significantly better than in TBI + Fx animals (p < 0.05). Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells in penumbral cortex were most prevalent in TBI + Fx animals, significantly greater than in Sham (p < 0.05).
conclusionA long BF accompanying TBI worsens early neurologic recovery and subsequent learning/memory. Enoxaparin may partially counter this and improve neurologic recovery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.