ReviewThe open cardiovascular medicine journal2018
Reduction of Vascular Inflammation, LDL-C, or Both for the Protection from Cardiovascular Events?
Review in The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of red yeast rice extract on myocardial infarction patients with borderline hypercholesterolemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Is there a link between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory arthritis?Atherosclerosis plus · 2026Review
- A PDCA cycle-based early intensive lipid-lowering strategy improves LDL-C goal achievement and clinical outcomes after PCI in acute coronary syndrome patients.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio is an independent risk factor for MACEs in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Beyond LDL Cholesterol Reduction: Pleiotropic Profiling of Statins.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Moderate-Intensity Pravastatin Versus Atorvastatin in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using a Common Data Model of Multicenter Electronic Health Records in South Korea.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2025Article
- Correlation between Complement C1q A Chain (Iranian journal of public health · 2024Article
- An Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Related Metabolites following PCSK9 Inhibition in Statin-Treated Patients with Elevated Levels of Lipoprotein(a).Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Immunometabolic Mechanisms of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.Nature cardiovascular research · 2022Article
- In-Hospital Peak Glycemia in Predicting No-Reflow Phenomenon in Diabetic Patients with STEMI Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.Journal of diabetes research · 2021Article
- Association of Alk1 and Endoglin Polymorphisms with Cardiovascular Damage.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Immunometabolic cross-talk in the inflamed heart.Cell stress · 2019Review
- The Potential Effect of Intravenous Calcitriol on the Ischemia-Reperfusion Process and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI).Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR · 2019Article
- The Complex Interplay between Lipids, Immune System and Interleukins in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among individuals experiencing statin-associated symptoms: Data from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.Journal of clinical lipidologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLow density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low grade arterial inflammation are key pathogenic factors for atherosclerosis and its manifestation, cardiovascular disease (CVD).
objectiveIn this narrative review we assessed if decreasing LDL-C levels or inflammation or both is more effective in reducing CVD events.
resultsIn the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), all statin trials of the 90s' and the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) the benefit came from the LDL-C reduction. In the GREak and Atorvastatin Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE), the Treating to New Targets (TNT), and the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trials both mechanisms in combination produced significant benefits. In the Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty (ARMYDA) trials and the Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) with a human antibody targeting IL-1β with no lipid lowering effect, the reduction in arterial inflammation played the only beneficial role because there was no change in lipids levels.
conclusionBoth LDL-C and inflammation reduction are beneficial to the reduction of CVD risk. However, canakinumab is a very expensive drug that only induced a 15% reduction in CVD events, thus drastically reducing the possibility for it to be used in clinical practice. Besides, canakinumab is associated with increased infections, some fatal. A potent statin with anti-inflammatory effects is probably the best choice for the majority of those needing hypolipidaemic drug therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.