Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29781375›Full record

ArticleMemory (Hove, England)2018

The effects of bilingual language proficiency on recall accuracy and semantic clustering in free recall output: evidence for shared semantic associations across languages.

Wendy S Francis, Randolph S Taylor, Marisela Gutiérrez, Mary K Liaño, Diana G Manzanera, Renee M Penalver

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Memory (Hove, England), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Bilingual Proficiency Effects on Word Recall and Recognition.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Wendy S Francisa Department of Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA.
Randolph S Taylora Department of Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA.
Marisela Gutiérreza Department of Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA.
Mary K Liañoa Department of Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA.
Diana G Manzaneraa Department of Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA.
Renee M Penalvera Department of Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA.

Funding

Bilingual Proficiency and Memory: An Associative Strength ApproachR15HD078921 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS EL PASO · PI FRANCIS, WENDY S. · 2014 to 2014
$453k
NICHD NIH HHS R15 HD078921
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Two experiments investigated how well bilinguals utilise long-standing semantic associations to encode and retrieve semantic clusters in verbal episodic memory. In Experiment 1, Spanish-English bilinguals (N = 128) studied and recalled word and picture sets. Word recall was equivalent in L1 and L2, picture recall was better in L1 than in L2, and the picture superiority effect was stronger in L1 than in L2. Semantic clustering in word and picture recall was equivalent in L1 and L2. In Experiment 2, Spanish-English bilinguals (N = 128) and English-speaking monolinguals (N = 128) studied and recalled word sequences that contained semantically related pairs. Data were analyzed using a multinomial processing tree approach, the pair-clustering model. Cluster formation was more likely for semantically organised than for randomly ordered word sequences. Probabilities of cluster formation, cluster retrieval, and retrieval of unclustered items did not differ across languages or language groups. Language proficiency has little if any impact on the utilisation of long-standing semantic associations, which are language-general.

Indexed as

Mental RecallMultilingualismSemanticsAdultFemaleHumansLanguage TestsMaleMemoryVerbal LearningYoung AdultbilingualismFree recallsemantic clustering

Identifiers

PMID29781375
PMCPMC6179441

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.