ArticleCurrent treatment options in rheumatology2018
An Update on the Treatment of Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Article in Current treatment options in rheumatology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, Dual Roles, and Therapeutic Strategies in Neurological Disorders.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy for autoimmune encephalitis.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Influential Factors, Treatment and Prognosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis Patients With Poor Response to Short-Term First-Line Treatment.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Phenotypic Spectrum of CASPR2 and LGI1 Antibodies Associated Neurological Disorders in Children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Autoimmune epilepsy due to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in a child: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2021Article
- International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Developing Consensus in the Assessment and Treatment Pathways for Autoimmune Encephalitis in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis in Tunisia: Report of a Pediatric Cohort.Journal of immunology research · 2021Article
- Single-cycle rituximab-induced immunologic changes in children: Enhanced in neuroimmunologic disease?Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2020Article
- Immune mediated pediatric encephalitis - need for comprehensive evaluation and consensus guidelines.BMC neurology · 2020Article
- Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Limbic Encephalitis with Anti-CASPR2 Antibodies.Case reports in neurological medicine · 2020Article
- Cytokines/Chemokines: Potential Biomarkers for Non-paraneoplastic Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Effectiveness of Mycophenolate Mofetil in the Treatment of Pediatric Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: A Retrospective Analysis of 6 Cases.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Herpes simplex virus infection, Acyclovir and IVIG treatment all independently cause gut dysbiosis.PloS one · 2020Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis in children and adolescents.Neurological research and practice · 2020Review
- Super refractory status epilepticus secondary to anti-GAD antibody encephalitis successfully treated with aggressive immunotherapy.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2020Article
- Typical clinical and imaging manifestations of encephalitis with anti-γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor antibodies: clinical experience and a literature review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewAutoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an increasingly recognized etiology for neuropsychiatric deficits that are highly responsive to immunotherapy. As a result, rheumatologists are often called upon to help with the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the pharmacologic treatment of AE. RECENT
findingsTo date, there are no prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials to guide treatment recommendations for AE. First-line therapies include corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange. Second-line therapies include rituximab and cyclophosphamide (CYC), as well as mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine. For patients refractory to both first- and second-line therapy, there is emerging evidence for the interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor tocilizumab, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and low-dose IL-2. Early treatment initiation and treatment escalation in patients with refractory disease improve outcomes. Given the delayed time between dosing and treatment effects of second-line agents, continuing first-line treatment until the patients shows improvement is recommended. SUMMARY: Although AE can present with dramatic, life-threatening neuropsychiatric deficits, the potential for recovery with prompt treatment is remarkable. First- and second-line therapies for AE lead to clinical improvement in the majority of patients, including full recoveries in many. Early treatment and escalation to second-line therapy in those with refractory disease improves patient outcomes. Novel treatments including IL-6 blockade and proteasome inhibitors have shown promising results in patients with refractory disease.
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