ArticleEndocrine pathology2018
Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors in Central and Peripheral Locations.
Article in Endocrine pathology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deep molecular profiling of lung neuroendocrine tumours and supra-carcinoids.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Long-term survival outcome after surgical resection of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.Surgery today · 2026Article
- Phenotypic Landscape of Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Subtyped by OTP/ASCL1 Expression Correlated with Histology, Hormones and Outcome.Endocrine pathology · 2025Article
- Lung Carcinoids in Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs): A Still Overlooked Clinical Entity.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Review
- The radiologic spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors in emergent care.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Absence of orthopaedia homeobox protein (OTP) expression is associated with disease spread and adverse outcome in pulmonary carcinoid tumour patients.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2025Article
- Basic science and translational implications of current knowledge on neuroendocrine tumors.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Oncocytic and spindle cell typical carcinoids of lung: different immunophenotype and biological behavior.The journal of pathology. Clinical research · 2025Article
- Top 10 Histological Mimics of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma You Should Not Miss in the Head and Neck.Head and neck pathology · 2023Review
- Orthopedia homeobox protein (OTP) in the diagnostic and prognostic workup of pulmonary carcinoid tumors.Translational lung cancer research · 2023Article
- Simultaneous pathological findings in biopsy specimens of patients with surgically resected lung carcinoids and their role in survival.Oncology letters · 2022Article
- Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms: recent progress and persistent challenges.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2022Review
- Recent advances and conceptual changes in the classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2021Review
- An Algorithmic Immunohistochemical Approach to Define Tumor Type and Assign Site of Origin.Advances in anatomic pathology · 2020Review
- Pathologic Considerations in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.Surgical oncology clinics of North America · 2020Review
- Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms: what can brown do for you?Human pathology · 2020Review
- Orthopedia Homeobox (OTP) in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Diagnostic Value and Possible Molecular Interactions.Cancers · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pulmonary carcinoid tumors occur in both central and peripheral locations, and some differences in clinico-pathological features have long been observed. We investigated a large number of resected carcinoid tumors with the aim to further define the characteristics of tumors from both locations. One hundred sixty-six resected carcinoid tumors of the lung were analyzed for a variety of clinical and pathologic features, including histology subtype, mitotic rate, Ki67 index, necrosis, invasive pattern, architectural pattern, cell morphology, sustentacular cells, neuroendocrine hyperplasia, and orthopedia homeobox protein (OTP) and TTF-1 immunohistochemical expressions. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis suggested three clusters as the best solution using TTF-1 and OTP expression: TTF-1-positive and OTP-positive tumors as cluster 1, TTF-1-positive but OTP-negative as cluster 2, and TTF-1-negative and OTP-negative as cluster 3. Cluster 1 was characterized by peripheral location, presence of spindle cell component, presence of sustentacular cells, female predominance, and strong association with neuroendocrine hyperplasia. Cluster 2 was characterized by central location, polygonal cell morphology, acinar growth pattern in a subset of tumors, and only rare association with neuroendocrine hyperplasia. Cluster 3 consisted of more aggressive tumors with more heterogeneous pathologic features. Tumors showed polygonal cell morphology and acinar growth pattern. Occurrence of neuroendocrine hyperplasia was exceptional. Our study confirmed distinct characteristics of central and peripheral type carcinoid. An important difference was a strong association of the peripheral tumor with neuroendocrine hyperplasia while such an association in central tumors was negligible. The tumor location might be relevant for pathobiology of lung carcinoid tumors.
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