ArticleScientific reports2018
Antiretroviral Drugs Alter the Content of Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1-Infected Cells.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV.Extracellular vesicle · 2025Article
- Immune-Related Protein and Non-Coding RNA Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles Participate in the Chronic Inflammation Induced by HIV Infection.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Effect of Kinases in Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1-Infected Cells on Bystander Cells.Cells · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicle isolation methods identify distinct HIV-1 particles released from chronically infected T-cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- HIV-1 RNA in extracellular vesicles is associated with neurocognitive outcomes.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Autophagy Deregulation in HIV-1-Infected Cells Increases Extracellular Vesicle Release and Contributes to TLR3 Activation.Viruses · 2024Article
- Multiple treatment interruptions and protecting HIV-specific CD4 T cells enable durable CD8 T cell response and viral control.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Immunoregulatory molecule expression on extracellular microvesicles in people living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The Use of CBD and Its Synthetic Analog HU308 in HIV-1-Infected Myeloid Cells.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: From cellular surrogates to pathogenic mediators and beyond.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023Review
- Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A secretory form of Parkin-independent mitophagy contributes to the repertoire of extracellular vesicles released into the tumour interstitial fluid in vivo.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2022Article
- Massive Release of CD9+ Microvesicles in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Regardless of Virologic Control.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Imaging of surface microdomains on individual extracellular vesicles in 3-D.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2022Article
- Article
- Retroviral infection of human neurospheres and use of stem Cell EVs to repair cellular damage.Scientific reports · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
23 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
To date, the most effective treatment of HIV-1 is a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which reduces viral replication and reverses pathology. We investigated the effect of cART (RT and protease inhibitors) on the content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from HIV-1-infected cells. We have previously shown that EVs contain non-coding HIV-1 RNA, which can elicit responses in recipient cells. In this manuscript, we show that TAR RNA levels demonstrate little change with the addition of cART treatment in cell lines, primary macrophages, and patient biofluids. We determined possible mechanisms involved in the selective packaging of HIV-1 RNA into EVs, specifically an increase in EV-associated hnRNP A2/B1. More recent experiments have shown that several other FDA-approved drugs have the ability to alter the content of exosomes released from HIV-1-infected cells. These findings on cART-altered EV content can also be applied to general viral inhibitors (interferons) which are used to treat other chronic infections. Additionally, we describe unique mechanisms of ESCRT pathway manipulation by antivirals, specifically the targeting of VPS4. Collectively, these data imply that, despite antiretroviral therapy, EVs containing viral products are continually released and may cause neurocognitive and immunological dysfunction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.