ArticleBMC family practice2018
Development and validation of a Malawian version of the primary care assessment tool.
Article in BMC family practice, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Patient-centred care measurement in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of the evidence (1990-2024).International health · 2026Article
- Assessing the Generalizability of Client Experience Measurement Tools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.Global health, science and practice · 2025Review
- How to measure the core functions of primary care in low-income and middle-income country settings.BMJ global health · 2025Review
- Designing and psychometric evaluation of an Instrument to assess patient's satisfaction from communication with dentist and dental care services based on SERVQUAL model.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Core functions of primary care in Amathole District, South Africa: a descriptive study.BJGP open · 2025Article
- Improving the core functions of primary care in a Ugandan rural district.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2025Article
- Adapting the Primary Care Assessment Tool for sub-Saharan Africa: a validation study.BJGP open · 2025Article
- Primary care performance in a Ugandan rural district: a cross-sectional descriptive study.BJGP open · 2025Article
- Psychometric Characteristics of the Chinese Version of the Tuberculosis Related-Stigma Scale in a Population of Medical Students and Its Correlation with Selected Demographic Characteristics.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2024Article
- Strategies to enhance the approach to prostate cancer screening of South African black men in the Free State: a Delphi study.Journal of public health in Africa · 2023Article
- Adaptation and validation of the Ugandan Primary Care Assessment Tool.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2023Article
- The quality of primary care performance in private sector facilities in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional descriptive survey.BMC primary care · 2022Article
- Factors associated with self-rated health in primary care in the South-Western health zone of Malawi.BMC primary care · 2022Article
- What is the value and impact of the adaptation process on quality indicators for local use? A scoping review.PloS one · 2022Article
- [Measuring comprehensiveness of care using the Primary Care Assessment Tool: systematic reviewEvaluación de la integralidad en la atención primaria de salud por medio de la herramienta de evaluación de la atención primaria: revisión sistemática].Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Evaluation of the quality of service delivery in private sector, primary care clinics in Kenya: A descriptive patient survey.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2020Article
- Application of the Chinese version of Zelaya's HIV-related stigma scale to undergraduates in mainland China.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Performance of primary care in different healthcare facilities: a cross-sectional study of patients' experiences in Southern Malawi.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Primary health care performance: a scoping review of the current state of measurement in Africa.BMJ global health · 2019Article
- Quality of primary care from patients' perspective: a cross sectional study of outpatients' experience in public health facilities in rural Malawi.BMC health services research · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundMalawi does not have validated tools for assessing primary care performance from patients' experience. The aim of this study was to develop a Malawian version of Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT-Mw) and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the assessment of the core primary care dimensions from adult patients' perspective in Malawi.
methodsA team of experts assessed the South African version of the primary care assessment tool (ZA-PCAT) for face and content validity. The adapted questionnaire underwent forward and backward translation and a pilot study. The tool was then used in an interviewer administered cross-sectional survey in Neno district, Malawi, to test validity and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on a random half of the sample to evaluate internal consistency, reliability and construct validity of items and scales. The identified constructs were then tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Likert scale assumption testing and descriptive statistics were done on the final factor structure. The PCAT-Mw was further tested for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability.
resultsFrom the responses of 631 patients, a 29-item PCAT-Mw was constructed comprising seven multi-item scales, representing five primary care dimensions (first contact, continuity, comprehensiveness, coordination and community orientation). All the seven scales achieved good internal consistency, item-total correlations and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.91. A satisfactory goodness of fit model was achieved (GFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.05, PCLOSE = 0.65). The full range of possible scores was observed for all scales. Scaling assumptions tests were achieved for all except the two comprehensiveness scales. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.90 (n = 44, 95% CI 0.81-0.94, p < 0.001) for intra-rater reliability and 0.84 (n = 42, 95% CI 0.71-0.96, p < 0.001) for inter-rater reliability.
conclusionsComprehensive metric analyses supported the reliability and validity of PCAT-Mw in assessing the core concepts of primary care from adult patients' experience. This tool could be used for health service research in primary care in Malawi.
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