ReviewArchives of endocrinology and metabolism
Controversial issues in the management of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas - An overview by the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism.
Review in Archives of endocrinology and metabolism. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Guideline
- Italian Guidelines for the Management of Prolactinomas.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2023Guideline
- Identification of an optimal prolactin threshold to determine prolactinoma size using receiver operating characteristic analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Prolactinomas treated with dopaminergic agonists: behavior in different moments of life.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2026Article
- Microscopic and computational analysis of the stomach, duodenum, and liver of rats with induced hyperprolactinemia treated with exogenous melatonin.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Position statement on macroprolactinemia from the Department of Neuroendocrinology of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) and the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine (SBPC/ML).Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents: clinical characteristics and etiological spectrum.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Impact of Tumor Size on Prolactinoma Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes: A Study of a Tunisian Cohort.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Etiology, presentation, and outcomes of hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary masses in children and adolescents.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Headache in pituitary adenomas: frequency, characteristics and outcome after treatment.Pituitary · 2025Article
- A Narrative Review of Surgery for Prolactinomas: Considerations and Controversies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Prolactin: A Key Immunoregulator in Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of endocrinology · 2025Review
- Identification of Prolactinoma in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Radiomics Analysis Based on Multiparameter MRI.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2024Article
- Medical treatment of functional pituitary adenomas, trials and tribulations.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Review
- Diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia in women: A Position Statement from the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (Febrasgo) and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM).Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Treatment of hyperprolactinemia in women: A Position Statement from the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (Febrasgo) and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM).Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Hyperprolactinemia in women: treatment.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2024Article
- Usefulness of prolactin levels in predicting the etiology of hyperprolactinemia in a cohort of 770 patients.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Hyperprolactinemia in women: diagnostic approach.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2024Article
- Suggestion of Follow-Up Period in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Incidentaloma Based on MRI Characteristics.Brain tumor research and treatment · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 14 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common pituitary adenomas (approximately 40% of cases), and they represent an important cause of hypogonadism and infertility in both sexes. The magnitude of prolactin (PRL) elevation can be useful in determining the etiology of hyperprolactinemia. Indeed, PRL levels > 250 ng/mL are highly suggestive of the presence of a prolactinoma. In contrast, most patients with stalk dysfunction, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia or systemic diseases present with PRL levels < 100 ng/mL. However, exceptions to these rules are not rare. On the other hand, among patients with macroprolactinomas (MACs), artificially low PRL levels may result from the so-called "hook effect". Patients harboring cystic MACs may also present with a mild PRL elevation. The screening for macroprolactin is mostly indicated for asymptomatic patients and those with apparent idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the treatment of choice for prolactinomas, particularly cabergoline, which is more effective and better tolerated than bromocriptine. After 2 years of successful treatment, DA withdrawal should be considered in all cases of microprolactinomas and in selected cases of MACs. In this publication, the goal of the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) is to provide a review of the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas, emphasizing controversial issues regarding these topics. This review is based on data published in the literature and the authors' experience.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.