ArticlePloS one2018
Multi-site evaluation of the LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR assay for post-mortem rabies diagnostics.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Assay as a Canine Rabies Surveillance Tool in Goa, India.Viruses · 2019Pooled it
- Evaluation of LN34 real-time PCR assay for detection of rabies virus in human and animal specimens.Advances in laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Molecular Genetic Analysis of the Rabies Virus in Wild and Domestic Animals of Kazakhstan and the Development of a Diagnostic System.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- One Health genomic surveillance reveals structured urban rabies transmission and major surveillance gaps.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- High sensitivity of the Bionote Anigen Rapid Rabies Antigen Test in detection of diverse rabies virus variants suggests utility for global rabies control.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Complete genome sequence of European bat lyssavirus 2 detected in a Daubenton's bat in Finland.Microbiology resource announcements · 2026Article
- Imported Human Rabies - Kentucky and Ohio, 2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Unmasks Atypical Rabies - Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2024.China CDC weekly · 2025Article
- Validation and multi-site deployment of a lyophilized qRT-PCR reagent for the molecular diagnosis of avian influenza and rabies in Sub-Saharan African regions.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Insights into the occurrence of rabies viruses in multi-species animals based on diagnostic laboratory submissions.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Fecal and Environmental Shedding of Influenza A Virus in Brazilian Swine: Genomic Evidence of Recent Human-to-Swine Transmission.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Enhanced rabies surveillance in roadkill specimens by real-time RT-PCR.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The Challenge of Lyssavirus Infections in Domestic and Other Animals: A Mix of Virological Confusion, Consternation, Chagrin, and Curiosity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Molecular Surveillance for Potential Zoonotic Pathogens in Troglophilus Bats: Detection and Molecular Characterization of Bat Coronaviruses in Southern Italy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- European distribution and intramuscular pathogenicity of divergent lyssaviruses West Caucasian bat virus and Lleida bat lyssavirus.iScience · 2025Article
- Introduction of a Divergent Canine Parvovirus Type 2b Strain with a Dog in Sicily, Southern Italy, Through the Mediterranean Sea Route to Europe.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Molecular epidemiology, evolution, and transmission dynamics of raccoon rabies virus in Connecticut.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Free-Ranging Invasive Wild Boars (Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Lyssa excreta: Defining parameters for fecal samples as a rabies virus surveillance method.PloS one · 2024Article
- Isolation of Batborne Neglected Zoonotic Agent Issyk-Kul Virus, Italy.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
36 authors at 13 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that requires fast, accurate diagnosis to prevent disease in an exposed individual. The current gold standard for post-mortem diagnosis of human and animal rabies is the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test. While the DFA test has proven sensitive and reliable, it requires high quality antibody conjugates, a skilled technician, a fluorescence microscope and diagnostic specimen of sufficient quality. The LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR assay represents a strong candidate for rabies post-mortem diagnostics due to its ability to detect RNA across the diverse Lyssavirus genus, its high sensitivity, its potential for use with deteriorated tissues, and its simple, easy to implement design. Here, we present data from a multi-site evaluation of the LN34 assay in 14 laboratories. A total of 2,978 samples (1,049 DFA positive) from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East were tested. The LN34 assay exhibited low variability in repeatability and reproducibility studies and was capable of detecting viral RNA in fresh, frozen, archived, deteriorated and formalin-fixed brain tissue. The LN34 assay displayed high diagnostic specificity (99.68%) and sensitivity (99.90%) when compared to the DFA test, and no DFA positive samples were negative by the LN34 assay. The LN34 assay produced definitive findings for 80 samples that were inconclusive or untestable by DFA; 29 were positive. Five samples were inconclusive by the LN34 assay, and only one sample was inconclusive by both tests. Furthermore, use of the LN34 assay led to the identification of one false negative and 11 false positive DFA results. Together, these results demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the LN34 assay and support a role for the LN34 assay in improving rabies diagnostics and surveillance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.