Recent advances in sturgeon nutrition.

Sturgeons are fish species of biological and economical importance, and most of them are endangered, vulnerable or rare because of their large size, late sexual maturity, long period between spawning, and longevity. These unique biological characteristics make them highly susceptible to overfishing, degradation of habitat and spawning ground, and contamination of water and sediments by pollutants. The objective of the current review is not to exhaustively include all studies on sturgeon nutrient requirements and utilizations conducted under laboratory conditions, but to critique some studies and update previous reviews. The goal is to provide a basis for recommendations for future research so that these important fish species can be managed and produced sustainably. Energy, protein, lipid carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral requirements and utilizations were reviewed or critiqued. Future studies to develop suitable chemically defined diets to support good growth of sturgeon are urgently needed. Furthermore, future experiments should be designed systematically with more consideration on within and among studies and within and among different species of sturgeon. Finally, future experiments should be designed with a systematic approach with multiple doses (inputs) and multiple responses (outputs) at several levels of hierarchical organization in a biological system using traditional biochemical and modern molecular techniques and computer modeling with proper experimental design and methodology. This approach will provide a more realistic and holistic understanding of the mechanisms of nutrient requirements and utilizations, which will help us better manage wild sturgeon stocks and produce sturgeon more efficiently and sustainably under aquaculture conditions.