Observational studyCytokine2018
The risk of neurodevelopmental disorders at age 10 years associated with blood concentrations of interleukins 4 and 10 during the first postnatal month of children born extremely preterm.
Observational study in Cytokine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying the risk factors of autism spectrum disorders in infants born preterm: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The therapeutic potential of zinc-nanoparticles against the cerebellar neurotoxicity induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in female rats and their pups.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- μ Opioid Modulation of Sensorimotor Functional Connectivity in Autism: Insights From a Pharmacological Neuroimaging Investigation Using Tianeptine.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Machine Learning-Assisted Autism Risk Stratification in Toddlers Using the Vietnamese M-CHAT-R and Perinatal Predictors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Protective versus Risk Factors for 18-month Outcomes in a multi-decade sample of preterm infants age 23-30 weeks.Medical research archives · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Individuals Born Preterm: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Neonatal inflammation and its association with asthma and obesity in late childhood among individuals born extremely preterm.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Caffeine: The Story beyond Oxygen-Induced Lung and Brain Injury in Neonatal Animal Models-A Narrative Review.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Intrauterine inflammation and postnatal intravenous dopamine alter the neurovascular unit in preterm newborn lambs.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Neonatal brain dynamic functional connectivity in term and preterm infants and its association with early childhood neurodevelopment.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Neonatal IL-4 Over-Exposure is Accompanied by Macrophage Accumulation in Dura Mater After Instant Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Response in CSF.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Placental inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression and preschool children's cognitive performance: a birth cohort study in China.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Environmental influences on child health outcomes: cohorts of individuals born very preterm.Pediatric research · 2023Review
- Sex differences in neonatal brain injury and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The Role of Oxytocin in Abnormal Brain Development: Effect on Glial Cells and Neuroinflammation.Cells · 2022Review
- What is known about neuroplacentology in fetal growth restriction and in preterm infants: A narrative review of literature.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Peripheral immune cells and perinatal brain injury: a double-edged sword?Pediatric research · 2022Review
- Early Biomarkers of Hypoxia and Inflammation and Two-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial.EBioMedicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInterleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 are viewed mainly as anti-inflammatory cytokines. Yet, high concentrations have also been associated with inflammation-related diseases in newborns.
methodsWe measured the concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10, as well as IL-8 and ICAM-1 in blood specimens collected on postnatal day 21 (N = 555), day 28 (N = 521), and both days 21 and 28 (N = 449) from children born extremely preterm (EP) (<28 weeks gestation) who at age 10 years had a DAS-II IQ Z-score > -2 (which approximates a score of >70) and the following assessments, CCC-2, and CSI-4, DAS-II, NEPSY-II, OWLS-II, SCQ, and WIAT-III. Selected children also were assessed with the ADI-R and the ADOS-2. We modeled the risk of low scores or dysfunctions associated with top quartile concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 on each day and on both days.
resultsThe risks of low scores on the Animal Sorting and Arrows components of the NEPSY-II, both components of the OWLS-II, and the PseudoWord and Spelling components of the WIAT-III were heightened among children who had top quartile concentrations of IL-4 on postnatal days 21 and 28. Children who had high concentrations of IL-10 on days 21 and 28, individually and collectively, were at increased risk of low scores on the WIAT-III Spelling component. High concentrations of IL-4 on day 28 were associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). High concentrations of IL-10 on day 28 were also associated with a doubling of ASD risk, but this did not achieve statistical significance. Top quartile concentrations of IL-4 and IL10 on both days were not associated with increased risk of social, language, or behavioral dysfunctions.
conclusionAmong children born EP, those who had top quartile concentrations of IL-4 and/or IL-10 on postnatal days 21 and/or 28 were more likely than their peers to have low scores on components of the NEPSY-II, OWLS-II, and WIAT-III assessments, as well as identification as having an ASD. What is known: What is not known: What this study adds.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.