ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2018
Bortezomib treatment for severe refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Features and Biomarkers Associated With Intensive Care-Dependent Refractory NMDAR Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes: Advances and Future Perspectives in Immunopathogenesis and Management.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- GeneHarmony: A Knowledge-Based Tool for Biomarker Discovery in Disease: Sjögren's Disease vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy for autoimmune encephalitis.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- The Clinical Trial Landscape in Autoimmune Encephalitis: Challenges and Opportunities.Neurology · 2025Review
- Development of a short-term prognostic model for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in Chinese patients.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Controversies in immunotherapy for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a scoping review with a proposal of operational definitions.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Bortezomib is efficacious in the treatment of severe childhood-onset neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus with psychosis: a case series and mini-review of B-cell immunomodulation in antibody-mediated diseases.Clinical rheumatology · 2023Review
- Immune Mechanisms in Epileptogenesis: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Epilepsy Syndromes.Drugs · 2023Review
- Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome, ovarian teratoma and anti-NMDAR antibody: an 'unresolved' mystery.BMJ neurology open · 2023Article
- Treatment Options in Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis.CNS drugs · 2022Review
- Recent research on immunotherapy for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2022Review
- A critical review and update on autoimmune encephalitis: understanding the alphabet soup.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2022Review
- Case report of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a 24-year-old female: an uncommon presentation.The Egyptian journal of neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery · 2022Article
- High-Dose Diazepam Controls Severe Dyskinesia in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2021Article
- International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A primer for acute care healthcare professionals.Journal of the Intensive Care Society · 2021Article
- Symptomatologic pathomechanism ofEncephalitis (Seoul, Korea) · 2021Review
- Initial cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal bands associate with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis severity: a pilot study.Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the therapeutic potential of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that target plasma cells, in order to revive stalled recovery in patients with anti-
methodsWe consecutively enrolled patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis who remained bedridden after first-line immunotherapy (steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin), second-line immunotherapy (rituximab), and tocilizumab treatment, and treated them with subcutaneous bortezomib. Clinical response, functional recovery, and changes in antibody titer in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid were measured.
resultsBefore the bortezomib treatment, the five patients with severe refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis were in a vegetative state. During the 8 months of follow-up period, three patients improved to minimally conscious states within 2 months of bortezomib treatment, one failed to improve from a vegetative state. However, no patient achieved functional recovery as measured by the modified Rankin Scale score (mRS). Three patients advanced to a cyclophosphamide with bortezomib and dexamethasone regimen, which only resulted in additional adverse events, without mRS improvement. Among the four patients whose antibody titer was followed, two demonstrated a twofold decrease in the antibody titer in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid after 2 cycles of bortezomib.
interpretationAlthough there were some improvements in severe refractory patients, clinical response to bortezomib was limited and not clearly distinguishable from the natural course of the disease. The clinical benefit of bortezomib in recent studies requires further validation in different clinical settings.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.