ArticleCell death & disease2018
The ginsenoside PPD exerts anti-endometriosis effects by suppressing estrogen receptor-mediated inhibition of endometrial stromal cell autophagy and NK cell cytotoxicity.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmaceuticals targeting signaling pathways of endometriosis as potential new medical treatment: A review.Medicinal research reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Multi-Target Modulation of Interconnected Pathogenetic Pathways by Natural Bioactive Compounds in Endometriosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Protective effects of ginseng against reproductive injury: mechanisms and research progress.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- A review of pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetic of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of HMGB1 promotes the progression of endometriosis by regulating autophagy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Natural bioactive compounds and herbal medicines targeting common signaling pathways in endometriosis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Regulated cell death in endometrial diseases: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Natural products modulate programmed cell death signaling mechanism for treating endometriosis: a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Dysregulated autophagy in endometriosis: molecular mechanisms, controversies, and clinical implications.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2025Review
- Dual Role of Natural Killer Cells in Early Pregnancy: Immunopathological Implications and Therapeutic Potential in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion and Recurrent Implantation Failure.Cell proliferation · 2025Review
- Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces endometriosis by modulating IGF-1 m6A methylation via the intestinalCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research.Journal of advanced research · 2024Review
- An Estrogen-NK Cells Regulatory Axis in Endometriosis, Related Infertility, and Miscarriage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- ERG mediates the inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity through the HLX/STAT4/Perforin signaling pathway, thereby promoting the progression of myocardial infarction.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2024Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Natural Resources Against Endometriosis: Current Advances and Future Perspectives.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Review
- Protective role of ginseng in endometriosis during covid-19.Journal of ginseng research · 2023Review
- Potential therapeutic effects of Chinese meteria medica in mitigating drug-induced acute kidney injury.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- R(h)oad to antitumour therapy.Clinical and translational discovery · 2022Article
- CCL20/CCR6 axis mediates macrophages to promote proliferation and migration of ESCs by blocking autophagic flux in endometriosis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Article
- Korean Red Ginseng attenuates Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced inflammatory response in endometrial cancer cells and an endometriosis mouse model.Journal of ginseng research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is an estrogen-dependent gynecological disease with a low autophagy level of ectopic endometrial stromal cells (eESCs). Impaired NK cell cytotoxic activity is involved in the clearance obstruction of the ectopic endometrial tissue in the abdominopelvic cavity. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) are two metabolites of ginsenosides, which have profound biological functions, such as anti-cancer activities. However, the role and mechanism of ginsenosides and metabolites in endometriosis are completely unknown. Here, we found that the compounds PPD, PPT, ginsenoside-Rg3 (G-Rg3), ginsenoside-Rh2 (G-Rh2), and esculentoside A (EsA) led to significant decreases in the viability of eESCs, particularly PPD (IC50 = 30.64 µM). In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that PPD promoted the expression of progesterone receptor (PR) and downregulated the expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in eESCs. Treatment with PPD obviously induced the autophagy of eESCs and reversed the inhibitory effect of estrogen on eESC autophagy. In addition, eESCs pretreated with PPD enhanced the cytotoxic activity of NK cells in response to eESCs. PPD decreased the numbers and suppressed the growth of ectopic lesions in a mouse EMS model. These results suggest that PPD plays a role in anti-EMS activation, possibly by restricting estrogen-mediated autophagy regulation and enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells. This result provides a scientific basis for potential therapeutic strategies to treat EMS by PPD or further structural modification.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.