ReviewCirculation2018
Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Challenges and Interventions.
Review in Circulation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 757 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
757 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Future promise, current clinical ambiguity: a systematic review of machine learning algorithm outputs predicting risk of cardiovascular disease.Open heart · 2026Pooled it
- Pesticide exposure and the risk of arterial hypertension and obesity in farm workers: a systematic review of literature.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Pooled it
- The Effect of Hyperuricemia on Cognitive Impairment: A Cohort Study and Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Socioeconomic variation in the relationship between cardiac rehabilitation participation and clinical outcomes: a systematic review.Open heart · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- NUYou: Results from a cluster randomized trial testing a mHealth cardiovascular health intervention in young adults.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2026Trial
- Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Impaired Left Ventricular Function After ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Trial
- Educational Attainment Level and Risk of Mortality and Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in High-Risk Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: The INVESTED Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Trial
- Food Insecurity and Its Cardiovascular Implications in Underresourced Communities.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Trial
- Are associations of childhood body mass index trajectories with early-onset coronary heart disease modified by parental history of cardiovascular disease?International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Genetic and clinical risk factors for recurrent events among patients with coronary artery disease.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Atrial Fibrillation: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2026Article
- Synergistic Effects of Social Determinants of Health and Periodontitis on Premature Cardiovascular Mortality: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study.Journal of public health dentistry · 2026Article
- Associations of Sociodemographic and Neighborhood Vulnerability With Cardiovascular Health in Midlife Women in the United States.Circulation. Population health and outcomes · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the association between mortality and economic status in patients with metabolic syndrome in Korea: a retrospective cohort study using the National Health Screening cohort.Korean journal of family medicine · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic and Regional Disparities in Long-Term Mortality Among Intensive Care Unit Survivors in South Korea: Nationwide Cohort Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Risk of heart failure after spinal cord injury: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea.Spinal cord · 2026Article
697 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) has a measurable and significant effect on cardiovascular health. Biological, behavioral, and psychosocial risk factors prevalent in disadvantaged individuals accentuate the link between SES and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Four measures have been consistently associated with CVD in high-income countries: income level, educational attainment, employment status, and neighborhood socioeconomic factors. In addition, disparities based on sex have been shown in several studies. Interventions targeting patients with low SES have predominantly focused on modification of traditional CVD risk factors. Promising approaches are emerging that can be implemented on an individual, community, or population basis to reduce disparities in outcomes. Structured physical activity has demonstrated effectiveness in low-SES populations, and geomapping may be used to identify targets for large-scale programs. Task shifting, the redistribution of healthcare management from physician to nonphysician providers in an effort to improve access to health care, may have a role in select areas. Integration of SES into the traditional CVD risk prediction models may allow improved management of individuals with high risk, but cultural and regional differences in SES make generalized implementation challenging. Future research is required to better understand the underlying mechanisms of CVD risk that affect individuals of low SES and to determine effective interventions for patients with high risk. We review the current state of knowledge on the impact of SES on the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of CVD in high-income societies and suggest future research directions aimed at the elimination of these adverse factors, and the integration of measures of SES into the customization of cardiovascular treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.