ArticleBrain stimulation
TMS evoked N100 reflects local GABA and glutamate balance.
Article in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Methodological Choices Matter: A Systematic Comparison of TMS-EEG Studies Targeting the Primary Motor Cortex.Human brain mapping · 2024Pooled it
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Electroencephalography Analysis Suggest Time-Dependent and Region-Specific Modulation of Cortical Excitability During Acute Alcohol Intoxication.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026Article
- State-Guided TMS-EEG for N100 Enhancement Study Based on Whole-Brain EEG Microstates.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Mu-Rhythm Phase Modulates Cortical Reactivity to Subthreshold TMS: A TMS-EEG Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of acupuncture-regulated cortical plasticity after stroke based on TMS-EEG-MEP integration.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- BDNF Val66Met polymorphism modulates early TMS-EEG plasticity and rTMS efficacy in patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- State-dependent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in disorders of consciousness.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- Understanding the emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescence from a brain and behavioral developmental perspective.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Cortical dysfunction and impulsivity in non-suicidal self-injury: a multimodal study using TMS-EEG and fNIRS.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Heightened effective connectivity of DLPFC-mPFC and DLPFC-ACC circuits in major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation: evidence from a TMS-EEG study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Individualized time windows enhance TMS-EEG signal characterization and improve assessment of cortical function in schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- TMS-induced phase resets depend on TMS intensity and EEG phase.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Article
- Relation between task-related activity modulation and cortical inhibitory function in schizophrenia and healthy controls: a TMS-EEG study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Simulation-based inference of developmental EEG maturation with the spectral graph model.Communications physics · 2024Article
- Divergent auditory activation in relation to inhibition task performance in children and adults.Human brain mapping · 2023Article
- The acute effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on laminar diffusion anisotropy of neocortical gray matter.MedComm · 2023Article
- Using TMS-EEG to assess the effects of neuromodulation techniques: a narrative review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Review
- Is the vertex a good control stimulation site? Theta burst stimulation in healthy controls.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2022Article
- EEG Evoked Potentials to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Normal Volunteers: Inhibitory TMS EEG Evoked Potentials.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Neocortical Neurons: The Micro-Macro Connection.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnimal studies suggest that synchronized electrical activities in the brain are regulated by the primary inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, respectively. Identifying direct evidence that this same basic chemical-electrical neuroscience principle operates in the human brains is critical for translation of neuroscience to pathological research. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that the background neurochemical concentrations may affect the cortical excitability probed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
methodsWe used TMS with simultaneous evoked potential recording to probe the cortical excitability and determined how background frontal cortical GABA and glutamate levels measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) modulate frontal electrical activities.
resultsWe found that TMS-evoked N100 reflects a balance between GABA-inhibitory and glutamate-excitatory levels. About 46% of individual variances in frontal N100 can be explained by their glutamate/GABA ratio (r = -0.68, p = 0.001). Both glutamate (r = -0.51, p = 0.019) and GABA (r = 0.55, p = 0.01) significantly contributed to this relationship but in opposite directions.
conclusionThe current finding encourages additional mechanistic studies to develop TMS evoked N100 as a potential electrophysiological biomarker for translating the known inhibitory GABAergic vs. excitatory glutamatergic chemical-electrical principle from animal brain studies to human brain studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.