ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2018
Does Socioeconomic Status Modify the Association Between Preterm Birth and Children's Early Cognitive Ability and Kindergarten Academic Achievement in the United States?
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive and academic outcomes of large-for-gestational-age babies born at early term: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- How do socioeconomic inequalities and preterm birth interact to modify health and education outcomes? A narrative systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Gestational diabetes mellitus in women born small or preterm: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2022Pooled it
- Social-environmental moderators of neurodevelopmental outcomes in youth born preterm: A systematic review.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2021Pooled it
- Investigating the interplay between prematurity and genetic variation in the context of rare developmental disorders.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- The relation of verbal and nonverbal skills to basic numerical processing of preterm versus term-born preschoolers.Journal of experimental child psychology · 2025Article
- Associations Between Preterm Birth, Inhibitory Control-Implicated Brain Regions and Tracts, and Inhibitory Control Task Performance in Children: Consideration of Socioeconomic Context.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Resting-State Functional Connectivity Between the Cingulo-Opercular and Default Mode Networks May Explain Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cognitive Development.Journal of cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Interactive roles of preterm-birth and socioeconomic status in cortical thickness of language-related brain structures: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2024Article
- Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes from neonatal cortical microstructure: A conceptual replication study.Neuroimage. Reports · 2023Article
- Cognitive and Socioemotional Development at 5 and 9 Years of Age of Children Born with Very Low Birth Weight and Extremely Low Birth Weight in the Czech Republic.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2022Article
- Gestational Age, Parent Education, and Education in Adulthood.Pediatrics · 2022Article
- The role of parental education on the relationship between gestational age and school outcomes.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2021Article
- Sixth grade academic achievement among children conceived with IVF: a population-based study in Texas, USA.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2021Article
- Synchronous caregiving from birth to adulthood tunes humans' social brain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Early postnatal maternal trait anxiety is associated with the behavioural outcomes of children born preterm <33 weeks.Journal of psychiatric research · 2020Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans.The open cardiovascular medicine journal · 2020Article
- Gestational age, kindergarten-level literacy, and effect modification by maternal socio-economic and demographic factors.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2019Article
- Cognitive Development Trajectories in Preterm Children With Very Low Birth Weight Longitudinally Followed Until 11 Years of Age.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Being born preterm and being raised in poverty are each linked with adverse cognitive outcomes. Using data from 5,250 singletons born in the United States in 2001 and enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, we examined whether household socioeconomic status (SES) modified the association between preterm birth (PTB) and children's scores on cognitive assessments at age 2 years and reading and mathematics assessments at kindergarten age. Gestational age was measured from birth certificates and categorized as early preterm, moderate preterm, late preterm, early term, and term. SES was measured at age 9 months using a composite of parental education, occupation, and income. PTB was associated with 0.1- to 0.6-standard deviation-deficits in 2-year cognitive ability and kindergarten mathematics scores and with 0.1- to 0.4-standard-deviation deficits in kindergarten reading scores. Children living in the lowest (versus highest) SES quintile scored 0.6 standard deviations lower on 2-year cognitive ability, 1.1 standard deviations lower on kindergarten reading, and 0.9 standard deviations lower on kindergarten mathematics. The association between PTB and cognitive outcomes did not differ by postnatal SES. However, children who were both born preterm and lived in lower-SES households had the poorest performance on all 3 outcomes and therefore may represent a uniquely high-risk group.
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