ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2018
Outer Membrane Vesicles: Current Status and Future Direction of These Novel Vaccine Adjuvants.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Inhalable engineered probiotic outer membrane vesicles co-expressing multiple mpox antigens induce potent specific systemic and mucosal immune responses.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Secretion systems shaping host-pathogen interactions in Burkholderia species.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Tracking spatio-temporal dynamics of early immune responses to an intranasal OMV-based pneumococcal vaccine candidate in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Unadjuvanted antenatal pertussis OMV vaccination drives enhanced and durable humoral immunity in offspring.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Cyanobacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Protein Carriers: Towards Fish Vaccination.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Construction and application of a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine based onFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Microbial membrane vesicles and the intestinal epithelium: a crosstalk in health and disease.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Development of a Promising Bivalent Vaccine AgainstExploration (Beijing, China) · 2025Article
- Bioengineering Outer-Membrane Vesicles for Vaccine Development: Strategies, Advances, and Perspectives.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Development of a Recombinant Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)-Based Vaccine Against Helicobacter pylori Infection in Mice.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- RBD-displaying OMV nanovaccine boosts immunity against SARS-CoV-2.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Review on bacterial outer membrane vesicles: structure, vesicle formation, separation and biotechnological applications.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Nanoimmunotherapy: the smart trooper for cancer therapy.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- A critical evaluation of methodological and mechanistic insights on probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Repeated-dose toxicity and immunogenicity evaluation of a recombinant subunit COVID-19 vaccine (ZF2001) in rats.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Adjuvants forVirulence · 2024Review
- In Silico Design of CT26 Polytope and its Surface Display by ClearColi™-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Cancer Vaccine Candidate Against Colon Carcinoma.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Bacteria extracellular vesicle as nanopharmaceuticals for versatile biomedical potential.Nano convergence · 2024Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adjuvants have been of great interest to vaccine formulation as immune-stimulators. Prior to the recent research in the field of immune stimulation, conventional adjuvants utilized for aluminum-based vaccinations dominated the adjuvant market. However, these conventional adjuvants have demonstrated obvious defects, including poor protective efficiency and potential side effects, which hindered their widespread circulation. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) naturally exist in gram-negative bacteria and are capable of engaging innate and adaptive immunity and possess intrinsic adjuvant capacity. They have shown tremendous potential for adjuvant application and have recently been successfully applied in various vaccine platforms. Adjuvants could be highly effective with the introduction of OMVs, providing complete immunity and with the benefits of low toxicity; further, OMVs might also be designed as an advanced mucosal delivery vehicle for use as a vaccine carrier. In this review, we discuss adjuvant development, and provide an overview of novel OMV adjuvants and delivery vehicles. We also suggest future directions for adjuvant research. Overall, we believe that OMV adjuvants would find high value in vaccine formulation in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.