ReviewNeurobiology of aging2018
Sexual dimorphism in predisposition to Alzheimer's disease.
Review in Neurobiology of aging, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 170 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
170 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy in older women regarding cognitive functions: a systematic review.Lasers in medical science · 2025Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Brain DNA Methylation Across Sex, Age, and Alzheimer's Disease Points for Accelerated Epigenetic Aging in Neurodegeneration.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Does Gender Influence the Relationship Between High Blood Pressure and Dementia? Highlighting Areas for Further Investigation.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of microglial glucose metabolic reprogramming in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Targeting glial PD-1/PD-L1 restores microglial homeostasis and reduces neuronal hyperactivity in an Alzheimer's disease model.Science advances · 2026Article
- The TREM2 R47H variant is associated with liver-plasma-brain axis dyshomeostasis in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Article
- Age and sex-dependent alteration in AMPA receptor density in living human brain.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Neurofilament Light Chain Concentrations Are Inversely Associated with Retinal Microvascular Perfusion and Vessel Density in Cognitively Normal Individuals with Familial or Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Assessment of the Association of Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus with Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Does sex moderate health and Alzheimer's disease risk tied to early educational experiences? The reducing inequities through social and educational change follow-up in early adulthood extension study protocol.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The extragonadal biology of gonadotropin hormones: should we rename these?Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Photolytic disruption of Alzheimer's amyloid AβCommunications chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex-specific retina-brain signatures link ERα/ERβ imbalance with gliosis in Alzheimer's disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The impact of APOE genotype, age, and sex on gut microbiota in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease: an exploration of their interactions.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Reduced CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Expression in Alzheimer's Disease and Transgenic Mouse Models.Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) · 2026Article
- Sex- and brain region-specific gene expression in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Integrative physiology of skeletal muscle for maintaining cognitive health.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- CSF proteomic profiling with amyloid and tau pathology identifies distinctive sex-specific alteration of multiple proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Bioenergetics and lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: From cell biology to systemic health.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
110 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects women in both disease prevalence and rate of symptom progression, but the mechanisms underlying this sexual divergence are unknown. Although some have suggested this difference in risk is a reflection of the known differences in longevity between men and women, mounting clinical and preclinical evidence supports women also having intrinsic susceptibilities toward the disease. Although a number of potential risk factors have been hypothesized to mediate these differences, none have been definitively verified. In this review, we first summarize the epidemiologic studies of prevalence and incidence of AD among the sexes. Next, we discuss the most likely risk factors to date that interact with biological sex, including (1) genetic factors, (2) sex hormones (3) deviations in brain structure, (4) inflammation and microglia, and (5) and psychosocial stress responses. Overall, though differences in life span are likely to account for part of the divide between the sexes in AD prevalence, the abundance of preclinical and clinical evidence presented here suggests an increase in intrinsic AD risk for women. Therefore, future studies focusing on the underlying biological mechanisms for this phenomenon are needed to better understand AD pathogenesis in both sexes, with the eventual goal of sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.