ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2018
Differences in Physician Income by Gender in a Multiregion Survey.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Family physician pay inequality: a qualitative study exploring how physician responses to perceived patient expectations may explain gender, race, and immigration status pay differences.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Article
- Association Between Specialty-Specific Physician Salaries and Percentage of Women in the Workforce.Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges · 2025Article
- A Decade of Medicare Part B Reimbursement to Plastic Surgeons: Gender Pay Gaps Persist.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Gender composition in the work environment and physicians' income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments: evidence from longitudinal data.Human resources for health · 2024Article
- Referring and Specialist Physician Gender and Specialist Billing.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Factors associated with emergency physician income.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2023Article
- A Women in Medicine Trainees' Council: a model for women trainee professional development.Postgraduate medical journal · 2023Article
- Marriage, Children, and Sex-Based Differences in Physician Hours and Income.JAMA health forum · 2023Article
- The physician gender pay gap in Maryland: current state and future directions.Annals of medicine · 2023Article
- Sex diversity within U.S. residencies: a cross-sectional study of trends from 2011 to 2019.BMC medical education · 2022Article
- Moving beyond 'think leadership, think white male': the contents and contexts of equity, diversity and inclusion in physician leadership programmes.BMJ leader · 2022Review
- A Year into the Pandemic: An Update on Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, and Medicine.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2022Review
- The Impact of Patient Prejudice on Minoritized Female Physicians.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Analysis of Physician Compensation Studies by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity.Health equity · 2022Article
- Gender differences in income among psychiatrists in China: Findings from a national survey.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Gender-based differences in physician payments within the fee-for-service system in Ontario: a retrospective, cross-sectional study.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2021Article
- Disparities in Physician Compensation by Gender in Ontario, Canada.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- The glass is half full: gender diversity in sleep medicine award recognition.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2021Article
- Pharmacy students' perceived willingness and ability to negotiate for paid co-operative education positions.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2021Article
- Closing the gender pay gap in Canadian medicine.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have documented income differences between male and female physicians. However, the implications of these differences are unclear, since previous studies have lacked detailed data on the quantity and composition of work hours. We sought to identify the sources of these income differences using data from a novel survey of physician work and income.
objectiveTo compare differences in income between male and female physicians.
designWe estimated unadjusted income differences between male and female physicians. We then adjusted these differences for total hours worked, composition of work hours, percent of patient care time spent providing procedures, specialty, compensation type, age, years in practice, race, ethnicity, and state and practice random effects.
participantsWe surveyed 656 physicians in 30 practices in six states and received 439 responses (67% response rate): 263 from males and 176 from females. MAIN MEASURE: Self-reported annual income. KEY
resultsMale physicians had significantly higher annual incomes than female physicians (mean $297,641 vs. $206,751; difference $90,890, 95% CI $27,769 to $154,011) and worked significantly more total hours (mean 2470 vs. 2074; difference 396, 95% CI 250 to 542) and more patient care hours (mean 2203 vs. 1845; difference 358, 95% CI 212 to 505) per year. Male physicians were less likely than female physicians to specialize in primary care (49.1 vs. 70.5%), but more likely to perform procedures with (33.1 vs. 15.5%) or without general anesthesia (84.3 vs. 73.1%). After adjustment, male physicians' incomes were $27,404 (95% CI $3120 to $51,688) greater than female physicians' incomes.
conclusionsAdjustment for multiple possible confounders, including the number and composition of work hours, can explain approximately 70% of unadjusted income differences between male and female physicians; 30% remains unexplained. Additional study and dedicated efforts might be necessary to identify and address the causes of these unexplained differences.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.