ArticleNeurology2018
Use of medical care biases associations between Parkinson disease and other medical conditions.
Article in Neurology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parkinson's disease and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 17 million participants.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Co-occurrence of Asthma and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- Revisiting the Association Between Calcium Channel Blockers and Parkinson's Disease in the E3N Cohort.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Excess risk of fracture in incident Parkinson's disease Medicare beneficiaries.Injury epidemiology · 2026Article
- Social Determinants of Health and Their Association With Parkinson's Disease Prevalence in US Adults: Insights From NHANES 2001-2020.Behavioural neurology · 2026Article
- Ambient Trichloroethylene Exposure and Parkinson Disease Risk in Medicare Beneficiaries.Neurology · 2025Article
- Use of β-adrenoreceptor drugs and Parkinson's disease incidence in women from the French E3N cohort study.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Risk of Developing Alzheimer Disease in Relation to Common Infections.Neuro-degenerative diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- A predictive algorithm to identify ever smoking in medical claims-based epidemiologic studies.Annals of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Protective Effects of Lovastatin in a Population-Based ALS Study and Mouse Model.Annals of neurology · 2023Article
- Biologic targets of prescription medications and risk of neurodegenerative disease in United States Medicare beneficiaries.PloS one · 2023Article
- The economic burden of Parkinson disease among Medicare beneficiaries.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2022Article
- Article
- Overlapping genetic architecture between Parkinson disease and melanoma.Acta neuropathologica · 2020Article
- Validation of a Parkinson Disease Predictive Model in a Population-Based Study.Parkinson's disease · 2020Article
- Herpesvirus Infections and Risk of Parkinson's Disease.Neuro-degenerative diseases · 2020Article
- Well Water and Parkinson's Disease in Medicare Beneficiaries: A Nationwide Case-Control Study.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2020Article
- β2-adrenoreceptor medications and risk of Parkinson disease.Annals of neurology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine how use of medical care biases the well-established associations between Parkinson disease (PD) and smoking, smoking-related cancers, and selected positively associated comorbidities.
methodsWe conducted a population-based, case-control study of 89,790 incident PD cases and 118,095 randomly selected controls, all Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 to 90 years. We ascertained PD and other medical conditions using ICD-9-CM codes from comprehensive claims data for the 5 years before PD diagnosis/reference. We used logistic regression to estimate age-, sex-, and race-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between PD and each other medical condition of interest. We then examined the effect of also adjusting for selected geographic- or individual-level indicators of use of care.
resultsModels without adjustment for use of care and those that adjusted for geographic-level indicators produced similar ORs. However, adjustment for individual-level indicators consistently decreased ORs: Relative to ORs without adjustment for use of care, all ORs were between 8% and 58% lower, depending on the medical condition and the individual-level indicator of use of care added to the model. ORs decreased regardless of whether the established association is known to be positive or inverse. Most notably, smoking and smoking-related cancers were positively associated with PD without adjustment for use of care, but appropriately became inversely associated with PD with adjustment for use of care.
conclusionUse of care should be considered when evaluating associations between PD and other medical conditions to ensure that positive associations are not attributable to bias and that inverse associations are not masked.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.