SynthesisHealth and quality of life outcomes2018
Dimensionality of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Health and quality of life outcomes, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 117 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Telemedicine-Delivered Unified Protocol for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Osteopathic Protocol for Insomnia in College Students: RCT
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Measuring Subjective Sleep Quality: A Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of physical activity programs on sleep outcomes in older adults: a systematic review.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2020Pooled it
- 10-kHz High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for Adults With Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Health Technology Assessment.Ontario health technology assessment series · 2020Pooled it
- Impacts of the Mindfulness Meditation Mobile App Calm on Undergraduate Students' Sleep and Emotional State: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Dismantling the Component-Specific Effects of Yogic Breathing: Feasibility of a Fully Remote Three-Arm RCT with Virtual Laboratory Visits and Wearable Physiology.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Therapeutic effects of magnesium and vitamin B6 in alleviating the symptoms of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Examining the Factor Structure of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a Multi-Ethnic Working Population in Singapore.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Trial
- Psychological and behavioral mechanisms linking childhood trauma profiles to voice-related distress in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: latent class, mediation, and conditional process analyses.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Association between bedroom nighttime light pollution and risk of hepatic encephalopathy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Brief Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2026Article
- Baduanjin exercise with or without traditional Chinese tuina therapy for nonspecific chronic neck pain: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- From Occupational Hazard to Public Health Concern: A Bibliometric and Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Sleep Disorders Among Nurses Worldwide (1985-2025).Journal of nursing management · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Poor Sleep Quality Among adults in Qatar.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Article
- Arabic version of the General Sleep Disturbance Scale among healthcare night-shift workers: a cross-sectional validation study.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- The Effect of Dry Needling on Sleep Quality in Individuals With Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders.Pain research & management · 2026Review
- Associations between sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and theta wave activity during resting-state electroencephalography in maintenance hemodialysis patients.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) dimensionality is much debated, with the greatest number of reported factor structures. Therefore, this review appraised the methodologies of studies investigating the factor structure of the PSQI. MATERIAL AND
methodsMEDLINE, PsycInfo, AJOL, BASE, Cochrane Library, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund University), CINAHL, and Embase were searched systematically to include articles published till 23rd March, 2018. The articles with the objective of factor analysis of the PSQI (20 articles) or with a major section on the same subject (25 articles) were included. There was no limitation about participant characteristics. Descriptive analysis of articles for measures of the suitability of the data for factor analysis, details of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and details of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed.
resultsThe analysis used by the majority did not employ the simplest scheme for interpreting the observed data: the parsimony principle. Other shortcomings included under- or non-reporting of sample adequacy measures (11 out of 45 articles), non-use of EFA (20 out of 45 articles), use of EFA without relevant details, non-use of CFA (11 out of 45 articles), and use of CFA without relevant details. Overall, 31 out of 45 articles did not use either EFA or CFA.
conclusionWe conclude that the various PSQI factor structures for standard sleep assessment in research and clinical settings may need further validation.
trial registrationNot applicable because this was a review of existing literature.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.