ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2018
Cluster-Randomized Test-Negative Design Trials: A Novel and Efficient Method to Assess the Efficacy of Community-Level Dengue Interventions.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- Validating and leveraging non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection as a negative control outcome in a phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trial with extended observational follow-up.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Trial
- Effects of an educational health promotion intervention to improve human papillomavirus vaccination acceptance and uptake among adolescent girls: a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- The validity of test-negative design for assessment of typhoid conjugate vaccine protection: comparison of estimates by different study designs using data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Trial
- Assessing Wolbachia-mediated sterility for dengue control: emulation of a cluster-randomized target trial in Singapore.Journal of travel medicine · 2024Trial
- Programmatic Effectiveness of a Pediatric Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Campaign in Navi Mumbai, India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- Efficacy of a spatial repellent for control ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Efficacy of Wolbachia-Infected Mosquito Deployments for the Control of Dengue.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Spatiotemporal effects on dengue incidence based on a large cluster randomized study.Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
- Hypothesis testing and sample size considerations for the test-negative design.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Considerations for first field trials of low-threshold gene drive for malaria vector control.Malaria journal · 2024Review
- Hypothesis testing and sample size considerations for the test-negative design.Research square · 2023Article
- RANDOMIZATION INFERENCE FOR CLUSTER-RANDOMIZED TEST-NEGATIVE DESIGNS WITH APPLICATION TO DENGUE STUDIES: UNBIASED ESTIMATION, PARTIAL COMPLIANCE, AND STEPPED-WEDGE DESIGN.The annals of applied statistics · 2023Article
- Article
- Potential test-negative design study bias in outbreak settings: application to Ebola vaccination in Democratic Republic of Congo.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Temporal Confounding in the Test-Negative Design.American journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Article
- Analysis of counts for cluster randomized trials: Negative controls and test-negative designs.Statistics in medicine · 2020Article
- Quantifying the localized relationship between vector containment activities and dengue incidence in a real-world setting: A spatial and time series modelling analysis based on geo-located data from Pakistan.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cluster-randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for assessing efficacy of community-level interventions, such as vector-control strategies against dengue. We describe a novel cluster-randomized trial methodology with a test-negative design (CR-TND), which offers advantages over traditional approaches. This method uses outcome-based sampling of patients presenting with a syndrome consistent with the disease of interest, who are subsequently classified as test-positive cases or test-negative controls on the basis of diagnostic testing. We used simulations of a cluster trial to demonstrate validity of efficacy estimates under the test-negative approach. We demonstrated that, provided study arms are balanced for both test-negative and test-positive illness at baseline and that other test-negative design assumptions are met, the efficacy estimates closely match true efficacy. Analytical considerations for an odds ratio-based effect estimate arising from clustered data and potential approaches to analysis are also discussed briefly. We concluded that application of the test-negative design to certain cluster-randomized trials could increase their efficiency and ease of implementation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.