ArticleeNeuro
Tracking Temporal Hazard in the Human Electroencephalogram Using a Forward Encoding Model.
Article in eNeuro. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Simulated field potentials capture multiple simultaneous processes underlying human temporal attention.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Unifying temporal preparation: The temporal preparation task (TEP-Task).Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- What is prepared in temporal preparation? A review and a historical appreciation.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Sequential temporal anticipation characterized by neural power modulation and in recurrent neural networks.eLife · 2025Article
- Human brain integrates both unconditional and conditional timing statistics to guide expectation and behavior.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- The nonadaptive advantage: Why our brains can't quit gaming.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Neural Signatures of Flexible Multiple Timing.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Auditory cortex neurons that encode negative prediction errors respond to omissions of sounds in a predictable sequence.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- The illusion of orientation repulsion is weakened in a temporally more predictable visual target.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- What is a Rhythm for the Brain? The Impact of Contextual Temporal Variability on Auditory Perception.Journal of cognition · 2024Article
- Attention to space and time: Independent or interactive systems? A narrative review.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2023Review
- How Does Temporal Blurring Alter Movement Timing?eNeuro · 2023Article
- Article
- Temporal scaling of human scalp-recorded potentials.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- The Spatiotemporal Link of Temporal Expectations: Contextual Temporal Expectation Is Independent of Spatial Attention.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Explicit and implicit timing in older adults: Dissociable associations with age and cognitive decline.PloS one · 2022Article
- Expectancy-based rhythmic entrainment as continuous Bayesian inference.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Immediate versus delayed control demands elicit distinct mechanisms for instantiating proactive control.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human observers automatically extract temporal contingencies from the environment and predict the onset of future events. Temporal predictions are modeled by the hazard function, which describes the instantaneous probability for an event to occur given it has not occurred yet. Here, we tackle the question of whether and how the human brain tracks continuous temporal hazard on a moment-to-moment basis, and how flexibly it adjusts to strictly implicit variations in the hazard function. We applied an encoding-model approach to human electroencephalographic data recorded during a pitch-discrimination task, in which we implicitly manipulated temporal predictability of the target tones by varying the interval between cue and target tone (i.e. the foreperiod). Critically, temporal predictability either was driven solely by the passage of time (resulting in a monotonic hazard function) or was modulated to increase at intermediate foreperiods (resulting in a modulated hazard function with a peak at the intermediate foreperiod). Forward-encoding models trained to predict the recorded EEG signal from different temporal hazard functions were able to distinguish between experimental conditions, showing that implicit variations of temporal hazard bear tractable signatures in the human electroencephalogram. Notably, this tracking signal was reconstructed best from the supplementary motor area, underlining this area's link to cognitive processing of time. Our results underline the relevance of temporal hazard to cognitive processing and show that the predictive accuracy of the encoding-model approach can be utilized to track abstract time-resolved stimuli.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.