ArticleEpidemiology and infection2018
Risk factors for sporadic Giardia infection in the USA: a case-control study in Colorado and Minnesota.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Analysis of environmental risk factors, prevalence, and associated symptoms of Giardia intestinalis infection across age groups in Poland: a survey-based study.Parasitology research · 2026Article
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- Pleasurable and problematic receptive anal intercourse and diseases of the colon, rectum and anus.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
- The opportunistic protist,Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
- A scoping review of risk factors and transmission routes associated with human giardiasis outbreaks in high-income settings.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2022Article
- A large outbreak of giardiasis in a municipality of the Bologna province, north-eastern Italy, November 2018 to April 2019.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2021Article
- Evolving Epidemiology of Reported Giardiasis Cases in the United States, 1995-2016.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Infections withJournal of tropical medicine · 2020Article
- Human Seroprevalence to 11 Zoonotic Pathogens in the U.S. Arctic, Alaska.Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2019Article
- Prevalence ofTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2019Article
- Case-case analyses of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis using routine national surveillance data in the United States - 2005-2015.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Epidemiology and associated risk factors of giardiasis in a peri-urban setting in New South Wales Australia.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Article
- Molecular detection and genotyping ofTropical parasitologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the most common intestinal parasite of humans in the USA, but the risk factors for sporadic (non-outbreak) giardiasis are not well described. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Colorado and Minnesota public health departments conducted a case-control study to assess risk factors for sporadic giardiasis in the USA. Cases (N = 199) were patients with non-outbreak-associated laboratory-confirmed Giardia infection in Colorado and Minnesota, and controls (N = 381) were matched by age and site. Identified risk factors included international travel (aOR = 13.9; 95% CI 4.9-39.8), drinking water from a river, lake, stream, or spring (aOR = 6.5; 95% CI 2.0-20.6), swimming in a natural body of water (aOR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.5-7.0), male-male sexual behaviour (aOR = 45.7; 95% CI 5.8-362.0), having contact with children in diapers (aOR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.01-2.6), taking antibiotics (aOR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2-5.0) and having a chronic gastrointestinal condition (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-3.0). Eating raw produce was inversely associated with infection (aOR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Our results highlight the diversity of risk factors for sporadic giardiasis and the importance of non-international-travel-associated risk factors, particularly those involving person-to-person transmission. Prevention measures should focus on reducing risks associated with diaper handling, sexual contact, swimming in untreated water, and drinking untreated water.
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