Trial reportBMC pediatrics2018
Effect of increased enteral protein intake on plasma and urinary urea concentrations in preterm infants born at < 32 weeks gestation and < 1500 g birth weight enrolled in a randomized controlled trial - a secondary analysis.
Trial report in BMC pediatrics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01773902 (High Versus Standard Dose Protein for Very Preterm Infants), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
High Versus Standard Dose Protein for Very Preterm Infants
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Standardised versus Individualised Fortification of Expressed Breastmilk for Preterm Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neonatology · 2026Pooled it
- Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Adjusted versus Targeted Fortification in Extremely Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: Fortin Study-A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Early postnatal nutrition and renal consequences in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Early Nutritional Patterns and Metabolic Biomarkers Associated with ROP Severity.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- The relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and NLRP3 inflammasome.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and uric acid in healthy infants and young children. Influence of feeding practices in early infancy.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Narrative review of methodological advances in human milk fortification: for better preterm infant growth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Association between preterm infant size at 1 year and ADHD later in life: data from 1993 and 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohorts.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Comparison between Efficacy of Human Milk Fortification Using Human Milk Fortifier versus Preterm Formula: A Retrospective Single-institutional Experience.Oman medical journal · 2023Article
- Artificial placenta support of extremely preterm ovine fetuses at the border of viability for up to 336 hours with maintenance of systemic circulation but reduced somatic and organ growth.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Assessment of catabolic state in infants with the use of urinary titin N-fragment.Pediatric research · 2022Article
- Using Nature to Nurture: Breast Milk Analysis and Fortification to Improve Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Children's mental and behavioral health, schooling, and socioeconomic characteristics during school closure in France due to COVID-19: the SAPRIS project.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- Letter to the editor: clarifying some aspects and the terminology of individualized human milk fortification.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Fortification of Human Milk for Preterm Infants: Update and Recommendations of the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on Human Milk Fortification.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFeeding breast milk is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality, as well as improved neurodevelopmental outcome but does not meet the high nutritional requirements of preterm infants. Both plasma and urinary urea concentrations represent amino acid oxidation and low concentrations may indicate insufficient protein supply. This study assesses the effect of different levels of enteral protein on plasma and urinary urea concentrations and determines if the urinary urea-creatinine ratio provides reliable information about the protein status of preterm infants.
methodsSixty preterm infants (birthweight < 1500 g; gestational age < 32 weeks) were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and assigned to either a lower-protein group (median protein intake 3.7 g/kg/d) or a higher-protein group (median protein intake 4,3 g/kg/d). Half the patients in the higher-protein group received standardized supplementation with a supplement adding 1.8 g protein/100 ml milk, the other half received individual supplementation depending on the respective mother's milk macronutrient content. Plasma urea concentration was determined in two scheduled blood samples (BS1; BS2); urinary urea and creatinine concentrations in weekly spot urine samples.
resultsThe higher-protein group showed higher plasma urea concentrations in both BS1 and BS2 and a higher urinary urea-creatinine-ratio in week 3 and 5-7 compared to the lower-protein group. In addition, a highly positive correlation between plasma urea concentrations and the urinary urea-creatinine-ratio (p < 0.0001) and between actual protein intake and plasma urea concentrations and the urinary urea-creatinine-ratio (both p < 0.0001) was shown.
conclusionsThe urinary urea-creatinine-ratio, just like plasma urea concentrations, may help to estimate actual protein supply, absorption and oxidation in preterm infants and, additionally, can be determined non-invasively. Further investigations are needed to determine reliable cut-off values of urinary urea concentrations to ensure appropriate protein intake.
trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov; NCT01773902 registered 15 January 2013, retrospectively registered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.