ArticlePloS one2018
SpTransformer proteins from the purple sea urchin opsonize bacteria, augment phagocytosis, and retard bacterial growth.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Recombinant SpTransformer proteins bind to specific sites on sea urchin phagocytes and modulateFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The complex set of internal repeats in SpTransformer protein sequences result in multiple but limited alternative alignments.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin,Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages.Cells · 2021Review
- The Diverse Transformer (Trf) Protein Family in the Sea UrchinInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Cross-Species Comparisons of Nanoparticle Interactions with Innate Immune Systems: A Methodological Review.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Sequence Diversity, Locus Structure, and Evolutionary History of theFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- The role of fasting on spine regeneration and bacteremia in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.PloS one · 2020Article
- The Axial Organ and the Pharynx Are Sites of Hematopoiesis in the Sea Urchin.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Individual Sea Urchin Coelomocytes Undergo Somatic Immune Gene Diversification.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, has a complex and robust immune system that is mediated by a number of multi-gene families including the SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene family (formerly Sp185/333). In response to immune challenge from bacteria and various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the SpTrf genes are up-regulated in sea urchin phagocytes and express a diverse array of SpTrf proteins. We show here that SpTrf proteins from coelomocytes and isolated by nickel affinity (cNi-SpTrf) bind to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and to Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with saturable kinetics and specificity. cNi-SpTrf opsonization of the marine bacteria, Vibrio diazotrophicus, augments phagocytosis, however, opsonization by the recombinant protein, rSpTrf-E1, does not. Binding by cNi-SpTrf proteins retards growth rates significantly for several species of bacteria. SpTrf proteins, previously thought to be strictly membrane-associated, are secreted from phagocytes in short term cultures and bind V. diazotrophicus that are located both outside of and within phagocytes. Our results demonstrate anti-microbial activities of native SpTrf proteins and suggest variable functions among different SpTrf isoforms. Multiple isoforms may act synergistically to detect a wide array of pathogens and provide flexible and efficient host immunity.
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